The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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426 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE little more than time and effort. In any case, their own city and lands would be safe. had the Athenians possessed the capacity to strike the Spartans where they were most vulnerable, and had that capacity been obvious to all, Pericles' strategy of deterrence might have been more effective. Once the war started, the "cult of the defensive" dissuaded the Athenians from doing what was necessary for victory. Years of success at little cost to human life had made them reluctant to accept the risk and the cost demanded by a new situation in which the traditional strategy was not appropriate. They lost their best opportunity in 4I8, only to make a much greater investment and undertake greater risks in the Sicilian expedition three years later. It is tempting to see a connection between the two events. Perhaps the outcome of the battle of Mantinea discredited the cautious traditional policy, encouraging a bolder, more aggressive spirit that was then inappropriately and disastrously applied to a campaign of only marginal importance. After the affair in Sicily the Athenians could only try to hold out until the Spartans' incapacities and internal divisions led them to offer some kind of acceptable peace. Even then, distrust of the Spartans and confidence in their own naval superiority led the Athenians to reject their only remaining hope of avoiding defeat. But the treasury on which Athenian naval power relied was exhausted, and political quarrels had deprived the Athenians of their best commanders. The Spartans, on the other hand, with the support of Persian money and led by the shrewd Lysander, had learned how to fight at sea well enough to win. The greatest irony of all may be that the swift, aggressive, innovative Athenians described by the Corinthians before the war proved less able to adjust to a different way of fighting than the slow, traditional, unimaginative Spartans they also described. Perhaps the Corinthians' evaluation was not entirely right. At any rate, the Athenian experience in the Peloponnesian War suggests that in warfare democracies, where everything must be debated in the open and relatively uninformed majorities persuaded, may find it harder to adjust to the necessities of war than other, less open societies. Perhaps that is what Thucydides had in mind when he connected the Athenian defeat with the death of Pericles, who alone among Athenian politicians could persuade the people to fight in a way contrary to their prejudices and experiences.
Bibliography Adeleye, G. "Critias: Member of the Four Hundred?" TAPA CIV (1974), r- 9· Amit, M. Athens and the Sea. Brussels, 1965. ---. "Le traite de Chalcedoine entre Phamabaze et les strateges atheniens." LAC XLII (1973), 436-457. ---."The Disintegration of the Athenian Empire in Asia Minor (412-405 B.C.E.)." SC/11 (1975), 38-71. ---. "La campagne d'Ionie de 407/6 et la bataille de Notion." Grazer Beitriige Ill (1975). 1-IJ. Andrewes, A. "The Generals in the Hellespont, 410-407 B.C." ]HS LXXIII (1953), 2-g. ---. "Lysias and the Theramenes Papyrus." ZPE VI (1970), 35-38. ---. "Thucydides and the Persians." Historia X (1971), 1-18. ---. "Androtion and the Four Hundred." PCPS XXII (1976), 14-25. ---. "Notion and Kyzikos: The Sources Compared." ]HS CII ( 1982), I 5- 25· Avery, H. C. "Critias and the Four Hundred." CP LVIII (1963), r65-167. Barber, G. L. The Historian Ephorus. London, '935· ---. "Oxyrhynchus, The Historian from." Oxford Classical Dictionary. 2d ed. Oxford, 1970. Barron, J. P. The Silver Coins of Samos. London, 1966. Beloch, K. J. Die Attische Politik seit Perikles. Leipzig, r884. ---.Die Beviilkerung der griechisclrromischen Welt. Leipzig, 1885. ---. Griechische Geschichte. 2d ed. Strassburg, Berlin, and Leipzig, 1912- 1927. Bilabel, F. "Die Ionische Kolonisation." Philologus suppl. 14 (1920). Blamire, A. "Epilycus' Negotiations with Persia." Phoenix XXIX (1975), 21- 26. Bloedow, E. F. Akibiades Reexamined. Wiesbaden, 1973· Bokisch, G. "Harmostai." Klio XI--VI (1965), 129-239. Bommelaer, J.-F. Lysandre de Sparte. Paris, 1981.
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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Page 448 and 449: 4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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Page 467 and 468: Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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