Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

serve as the scientific basis in support of epidemiological observations regarding
the risk of cancer of the lung and upper aerodigestive tract for smokers who have
exclusively smoked filter-tipped brands, as compared to the risk for smokers who used
non-filter cigarettes.
Changes in the agricultural, curing, and manufacturing processes of cigarettes have
resulted in an increase in tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke that may
have contributed to the increase in adenocarcinoma of the lung observed over the past
several decades.
Conclusions
1. Major modifications in the make-up of the commercial cigarette were introduced
between 1950 and 1975, but since that time there have been few substantive
changes toward a further reduction of the toxic and carcinogenic potential of
cigarette smoke.
2. A variety of changes in cigarette design and filtration have resulted in chemical
changes in cigarette smoke, some of which have also demonstrated decreased
toxicity in animal assays. Toxicity or carcinogenicity in animal assays has not
been monitored to allow evaluation of changes over time that have occurred for
cigarette smoke produced by commercial brands of cigarettes.
3. Changes in the agricultural, curing, and manufacturing processes of cigarettes have
resulted in an increase over the past several decades in the amounts of tobaccospecific
nitrosamines in cigarette smoke. These changes are considered to have
contributed to the increase in adenocarcinoma of the lung observed over the past
several decades.
4. On the basis of the standard machine-smoking method for cigarettes that has been
mandated by the FTC, the sales-weighted average nicotine yields of US cigarettes
decreased gradually from 2.7 mg/cigarette in 1953 to 0.85 mg by the mid-1990s.
Today, the smoker of filter cigarettes will greatly increase his/her smoking intensity
to satisfy an acquired need for nicotine. Thus, the inhaled smoke of one cigarette
contains 2–3 times the amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide, and 1.6–1.8
times the level of biomarkers for the major lung carcinogens BaP and NNK,
compared to amounts in the smoke generated by the FTC method.
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