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Tokuhata 1967* Williams 1977* Wigle 1980* Clarke 1982 Marshall 1983* Martin 1984 Reeves 1985* Baron 1986 La Vecchia 1986 Peters 1986† Brinton 1987 Celentano 1987† Nischan 1988 Licciardone 1989 Daling 1992 Stone 1995* Cuzick 1996 Hirose 1996 Kjaer 1996 Sasagawa 1997 Hirose 1998 Hakama 2000* Atalah 2001 All non-controlled Reeves 1987* Herrero 1989 Bosch 1992 Eluf-Neto 1994 Daling 1996 Chichareon (Squamous) 1998 Chichareon (Adeno) 1998 Ngelangel (Squamous) 1998 Ngelangel (Adeno) 1998 HPV controlled Combined Odds ratio – log scale ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 461 0.2 1 1.66 5 10 20 50 100 Fig. 26.2 Smoking and cervical neoplasia: case–control studies—cancer. *Unadjusted; †Heavy exposure group. Harris 1980† Wigle 1980* Berggren 1983* Lyon 1983 Marshall 1983* Trevathan 1983 Zunzunegui 1986* Brock 1989 Cuzick 1990 Jones 1990 Coker 1992 Stone 1995* Kjaer 1996 All non-controlled Munoz (Colombia) 1993 Munoz (Spain) 1993 Becker 1994 Olsen 1995 Ho (CIN 3) 1998 Ho (CIN 2) 1998 Olsen 1998 Roteli-Martins 1998 Ylitalo 1999 Deacon 2000 Kjellberg 2000 HPV controlled Combined 0.1 0.5 1 2.2 5 10 20 Odds ratio – log scale Fig. 26.3 Smoking and cervical neoplasia: case–control studies—carcinoma in situ/CIN Grade 3. *Unadjusted; †Heavy exposure group. and Cuzick 1998; Ylitalo et al. 1999; Deacon et al. 2000; Kjellberg et al. 2000). All but one show a positive relationship with smoking and a dose–response relationship (Fig. 26.3). The adjusted odds ratios for current smokers are generally higher than those reported for invasive cancer, ranging between 1.7 and 6.6. The reasons for this
462 SMOKING AND CERVICAL NEOPLASIA are unclear, but could reflect a younger age group where current smoking is more prevalent. Seven studies report data on both CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) and invasive cancer (Szarewski and Cuzick 1998; Hildesheim et al. 2001; Lacey et al. 2001; Zivaljevic et al. 2001). These studies generally encompass all grades of CIN and separate odds ratios for CIN and cancer are not given. All but one of these studies show a positive relationship with smoking, mostly with a dose–response, with adjusted odds ratios between 1.6 and 7.0 (Fig. 26.4). Sixteen studies have looked at CIN only, of all grades (Kjaer et al. 1996; Sasagawa et al. 1997; Szarewski and Cuzick 1998; Derchain et al. 1999; Scholes et al. 1999). All but one of these show a positive relationship with smoking, with adjusted odds ratios between 1.4 and 5.8 for current versus never smokers (Fig. 26.5). Six studies show a dose–response, three studies do not, and seven do not have appropriate data for this analysis. It is of interest that some studies which have looked separately at low and high grades of CIN have found that the relationship with smoking tends to be stronger for the higher grades. For example, in the study by Cuzick et al. (1990), the adjusted odds ratio for women with CIN 1 was 1.21 (NS), whereas for CIN 3 it was 1.72 (p < 0.05). Schiffman et al. (1993) found a significant relationship of smoking with CIN 2/3 in HPV positive smokers (RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.5), but not in those with low- grade CIN. Similar results were reported by Vonka et al. (1984), Morrison et al. (1991), Brisson et al. (1994), Kjaer et al. (1996), and Derchain et al. (1999) in which the percentage of smokers increased steadily from controls to CIN 1, to high-grade CIN or cancer. Buckley 1981 Vonka 1984*† Mayberry 1985 Slattery 1989 Zivaljevic 2001 All non-controlled Hildesheim 2001 Lacey (Adeno) 2001 Lacey (CIN 3) 2001 HPV controlled Combined 0.3 1 2.5 5 10 25 Odds ratio – log scale Fig. 26.4 Smoking and cervical neoplasia: case–control studies—both cancer and CIN. *Unadjusted; †Heavy exposure group.
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Preface Tobacco: The public health
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PREFACE vii The cigarette companies
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dramatically. Once more, I am not s
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it impairs quality of life for year
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documents and through litigation by
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PREFACE xv it will not succeed. Now
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Stratton, K., Shetty, P., Wallace,
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Contents Preface v C. Everett Koop
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27 Tobacco and pancreas cancer 479
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Contributors Amanda Amos Reader in
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Stephen S. Hecht University of Minn
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Cecily S. Ray Project Assistant Epi
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Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic
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Introduction The publication of thi
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Part 1 Tobacco: History
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Introduction Chapter 1 Evolution of
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RICHARD DOLL 5 However, little atte
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RICHARD DOLL 7 lung’ (Doll and Hi
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Table 1.1 Principal diseases caused
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Table 1.4 Manufactured cigarette co
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in 1995 was approaching the maximum
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References Adler, I. (1912). Primar
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Introduction Chapter 2 The great st
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MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 19
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it seems likely that some of this v
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steady increase in lung cancer occu
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cigarette smoking in deaths from co
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the effects of smoking and smoking
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Lung cancer death rate (per 100,000
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Lickint, F. (1929). Zeitschrift fur
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Chapter 3 Dealing with health fears
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LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI AND RICHARD J. O
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Table 3.3 Selected cigarette advert
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Part 2 Tobacco: Composition
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Introduction Chapter 4 The changing
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ILSE HOFFMANN AND DIETRICH HOFFMANN
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Table 4.4 (continued) Carcinogens i
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Table 4.5 Standard conditions for m
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Table 4.7 Comparison of experimenta
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the lung in rats treated with NNK (
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serve as the scientific basis in su
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Senkus, M. (ed.) (1976). Leaf compo
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Introduction Chapter 5 Tobacco smok
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 95 Established pul
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 97 magnitude lower
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 99 generally great
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Table 5.1 1-Hydroxypyrene in the ur
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Table 5.2 NNAL and its glucuronides
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 105 Table 5.2 (con
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Table 5.3 Representative DNA adduct
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G No (Wang et al. 2001a) N 2 CHCH 2
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 111 N-Nitrosopyrro
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(Kozack et al. 2000; Seo et al. 200
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the DNA adducts resulting from toba
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Culp, S. J., Gaylor, D. W., Sheldon
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 119 International
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 121 Melchior, W. B
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 123 Rivenso, A., H
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Wang, M., McIntee, E. J., Cheng, G.
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Part 3 Nicotine and addiction
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Chapter 6 Pharmacology of nicotine
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JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND NEAL L. BE
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Pickworth et al. 1995; Shiffman et
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American Caucasians and Hispanics (
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(US DHHS 2001). At doses delivered
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References JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND
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Introduction Chapter 7 Behavioral p
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 151 How
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(Fischman and Foltin 1991). Another
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following repeated, infrequent and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 157 oth
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 159 cli
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to tobacco product ingredients and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 163 Gom
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 165 Ris
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Introduction Chapter 8 Cigarette sc
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JEFF FOWLES AND DENNIS SHUSTERMAN 1
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◆ The pressure drop of the filter
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Nitrosamines Nitrosamines are biolo
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Physical design features of cigaret
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Introduction Chapter 9 Nicotine dos
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world tobacco burden (World Health
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Table 9.2 The ranges of nicotine, n
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 187 turing a
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Poland 19 1.4 n.a. n.a. 68−347 36
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191 cigarette
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 193 Table 9.5
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 195 MS wherea
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 197 In recent
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 199 Table 9.8
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 201 Burns, D.
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International Agency for Research o
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Part 4 Tobacco use: Prevalence, tre
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Chapter 10 Tobacco in Great Britain
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Adult smoking PATTI WHITE 209 Since
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oys who were regular smokers report
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PATTI WHITE 213 cancer, and bringin
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Introduction Chapter 11 The epidemi
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since the late 1980s. In 2001, Phil
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YANG HONGHUAN 219 ◆ Among males,
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Table 11.1 Smoking among adolescent
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(57%) was higher than in males (45%
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20 cigarettes a day had double the
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Chapter 12 Patterns of smoking in R
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DAVID ZARIDZE 229 Ignatova et al. (
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DAVID ZARIDZE 231 Tyumen, respectiv
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References DAVID ZARIDZE 233 Alexee
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Chapter 13 Tobacco smoking in centr
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 237 The developmen
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especially post-Soviet countries, w
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No. of Cigarettes 3000 2500 2000 15
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 243 young men and
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DEATHS / 100,000 DEATHS / 100,000 7
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 247 According to d
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Unfortunately, available data on th
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Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Gdulewicz,
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Chapter 14 The epidemic in India Pr
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aniseed, and musk, also available a
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Prevalence among youth PRAKASH C. G
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treatment and premature death were
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Although tobacco control legislatio
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Chapter 15 Tobacco in Africa: More
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In assessing tobacco use in Africa
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 271 plug the gap th
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Table 15.2 Cigarette taxes as perce
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 275 In recent years
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World Bank (2001). Economics of Tob
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Part 5 Tobacco and health. Global b
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Chapter 16 The future worldwide hea
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RICHARD PETO AND ALAN D LOPEZ 283 a
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UK male death rate at ages 35-69 ha
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Overview Chapter 17 Passive smoking
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evidence have proved to be effectiv
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 291 a thousand de
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Table 17.2 Occupational ETS exposur
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Table 17.3 Nicotine concentrations
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portable piezobalance to sample aer
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 299 Fetal effects
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 301 Investigation
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Table 17.4 Summary of pooled random
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 305 also reported
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and involuntary exposure to tobacco
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Glantz, S. A. and Parmley, W. W. (1
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 311 O’Connor, G
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 313 US Department
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Introduction Chapter 18 Adolescent
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 317 would be
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 319 Indeed, t
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 321 reached i
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subsequent consumption. Most studie
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Burns, D., Garfinkel, L., and Samet
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 327 US Depart
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The epidemic Chapter 19 Tobacco and
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 331 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 333 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 335 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 337 p
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 339 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 341 o
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 343 M
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such as Jewel and Madonna, who woul
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 347 t
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particularly in developing countrie
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 351 L
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Part 6 Tobacco and cancer
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Chapter 20 Cancer of the prostate F
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Table 20.1 Summary of results of ca
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Andersson et al. 1996 Sweden 256 ca
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Table 20.2 Summary of results of co
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cancer in younger or elderly men, w
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FABIO LEVI AND CARLO LA VECCHIA 365
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Summary Chapter 21 Laryngeal cancer
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12-year follow-up of the American C
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Hedberg et al. USA, 235, 81% P, 547
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cigarettes as compared to blond-tob
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of 3.78 and 11.47. An interpretatio
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Effect on survival In two studies f
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Cattaruzza, M. S., Maisonneuve, P.,
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USDHEW (1964). Laryngeal cancer. In
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Chapter 22 Smoking and cancer of th
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Table 22.1 Results from selected ca
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Asia Gao et al. 1994— Population
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EVA NEGRI 389 Ille-et-Vilaine, Fran
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Odds Ratio 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.30 2
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Garidou et al. 1996— Hospital ≤
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De Stefani, E., Barrios, E., and Fi
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Wynder, E. L. and Bross, I. J. (196
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Introduction Chapter 23 Tobacco use
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Table 23.1 Tobacco use and risk of
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Franceschi et al. Oral cavity, Oral
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Muscat et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.1
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Population-based case-control studi
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Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5
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Page 450 and 451: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 417 than tha
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Page 456 and 457: Studies in India: Oral cancer is th
Page 458 and 459: carcinoma compared with other combi
Page 460 and 461: studies have demonstrated a positiv
Page 462 and 463: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 429 Garrote,
Page 464 and 465: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 431 Notani,
Page 466 and 467: Chapter 24 Smoking and stomach canc
Page 468 and 469: DAVID ZARIDZE 435 such as sex, age,
Page 470 and 471: DAVID ZARIDZE 437 (Kato et al. 1990
Page 472 and 473: DAVID ZARIDZE 439 respectively. The
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Page 476 and 477: Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.
Page 478 and 479: Introduction Chapter 25 Cigarette s
Page 480 and 481: attenuated in every study after con
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Page 488 and 489: References EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 455 A
Page 490 and 491: EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 457 Kono, S., Ik
Page 492 and 493: Chapter 26 Smoking and cervical neo
Page 496 and 497: Clarke 1985* Hellberg 1986* La Vecc
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Page 500 and 501: case-control study nested in a scre
Page 502 and 503: five-fold risk of cervical cancer f
Page 506 and 507: (typically around two-fold), but be
Page 512 and 513: Introduction Chapter 27 Tobacco and
Page 514 and 515: Cigar, pipe, and chewing tobacco Wh
Page 516 and 517: Conclusion Overall, tobacco smoking
Page 518 and 519: Summary Chapter 28 Smoking and lung
Page 520 and 521: GRAHAM G. GILES AND PETER BOYLE 487
Page 526 and 527: quit for 20 years or more (Rogot an
Page 530 and 531: cancer and others where there is st
Page 534 and 535: Peto, R. (1986) Influence of dose a
Page 536 and 537: Chapter 29 Tobacco smoking and canc
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Epidemiology Chapter 30 Smoking and
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CRYSTAL N. HOLICK AND HARVEY A. RIS
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and at least the enteric variety of
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Chapter 31 Endometrial cancer Paul
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Table 31.1 Epidemiological studies
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studies (Terry et al. 1999, 2002a),
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Newcomer Population 740/2372 40-79
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 531 levels, an
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Relative body weight Obesity is an
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Key et al. 1991 147 pre- and postme
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lood levels among current smokers,
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Table 31.7 Studies of cigarette smo
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of the association between cigarett
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Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., and R
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 545 Weiderpass
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Part 7 Tobacco and heart disease
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Introduction Chapter 32 Tobacco and
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citations of some of the best-known
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 553 because the dat
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 555 Fig. 32.2 Trend
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Table 32.3 Case-control studies of
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Table 32.5 Cohort studies of active
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Table 32.6 Effect of exclusion of p
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eadily addressed by cohort studies
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Specificity The entries in Table 32
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Table 32.8 Application of Bradford
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 569 arterial CVD re
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elationship goes beyond statistical
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Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Su
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National Health and Medical Researc
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Part 8 Tobacco and respiratory dise
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Introduction Chapter 33 Chronic obs
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Many of the constituents in both th
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DAVID M. BURNS rate of growth in lu
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Death rates from COPD in smokers an
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Fraction of Excess Risk 1.20 1.00 0
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DAVID M. BURNS Higgins, M. W., Enri
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Part 9 Tobacco and other diseases
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Introduction Chapter 34 Smoking and
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 595 several mechanis
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Table 34.4 Studies that reported re
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Table 34.5 Cohort studies that repo
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than non-smokers; they have about h
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Table 34.8 Cohort studies that repo
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esults from cohort studies. There i
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 607 (DiFranza and Le
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Table 34.12 Cohort studies that rep
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Caries and tooth loss Because perio
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Table 34.16 Summary of disorders in
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References ALLAN HACKSHAW 615 Allar
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Johnsen, R., Forde, O. H., Straume,
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Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Spei
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Part 10 Genetics, nicotine addictio
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Chapter 35 Genes, nicotine addictio
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Cotinine (ng/ml) 750 500 250 OXCHEC
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. 627 of those
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. risk associat
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Table 35.2 (continued) Gene map Chr
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. pre-clinical
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Steps to carcinogenesis Exposure to
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DNA repair As previously alluded to
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. Lichtenstein,
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Part 11 Tobacco and alcohol
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Introduction Chapter 36 Tobacco and
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Table 36.1 Comparison of alcohol an
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Although gene therapy has rarely be
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20+ TABAC 5.1 10-19 0-9 3.4 12.3 0-
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Heavy drinking is known to cause ga
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Treatment issues and co-dependence
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ALBERT B. LOWENFELS AND PATRICK MAI
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Part 12 Tobacco control: Successes
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Introduction Chapter 37 Global toba
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NIGEL GRAY (sometimes at state leve
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NIGEL GRAY The first attempt to red
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per litre of smoke. Reduction of th
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Borland, R., Cappiello, M. and Owen
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Chapter 38 Lessons in tobacco contr
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entangling relationships with negot
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successful country advocates deeply
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Thus, when the opportunity arose, t
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Chapter 39 A brief history of legis
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Committee, mentioned above, little
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4. Tobacco and its related processi
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RUTH ROEMER 683 advertising and adv
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or shows, and distribution of free
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RUTH ROEMER 687 threat to the peopl
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RUTH ROEMER 689 The case was settle
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Another study by Harvard researcher
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At the end of 2003, 83 countries ha
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Chapter 40 Roles of tobacco litigat
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NGOs obtained sanctions against tob
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 699 In a 1980s c
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 701 Fourth, the
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even impossible. Such a statute pre
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 705 Daynard, R.
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Introduction Chapter 41 Impact of s
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in this chapter, is evidence that s
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 711 Wh
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 713 On
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 715 ro
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you are subject, but this does not
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 719 to
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 721 fo
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 723 (E
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 725 th
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advanced. Although in countries lik
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 729 Da
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 731 Pr
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Introduction Chapter 42 Effective i
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 735 India (Gupta
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Average price or tax per pack (US$)
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 739 Bans on adve
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 741 Table 42.2 T
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 743 antismugglin
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Farrelly, M. C., Pechacek, T. F., a
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 747 Raw, M., Mc
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Part 13 Treatment of dependence
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Introduction Chapter 43 Treatment o
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Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine
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MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 755 tob
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Fifteen different products were ide
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In summary, tobacco dependence amon
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medications for OTC sale in 1996, t
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MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 763 US
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Chapter 44 Regulation of the cigare
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as these correlate quite well with
Page 802 and 803:
NIGEL GRAY 769 within three major g
Page 804 and 805:
of carcinogens and toxins in its wa
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Index abdominal aortic aneurysm see
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aromatic amines 58, 60, 98 DNA addu
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central and eastern Europe (CEE) (C
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coronary thrombosis 5 see also myoc
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epinephrine 169 epoxide hydrolase g
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health professionals advice on smok
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laryngeal cancer (Continued) animal
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Morris, Philip 207 see also Philip
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nursing home residents 718 nutritio
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Polish Central Statistical Office (
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smoke, tobacco (including cigarette
Page 828 and 829:
Sweden female smoking rates 330-1 l
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United Nations agencies 680-1 Unite
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Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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