Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

192
NICOTINE DOSING CHARACTERISTICS ACROSS TOBACCO PRODUCTS
method for cigarette testing that utilizes even more stringent settings than the
Massachusetts method prescribes: puff volume—55 mL, puff interval—30 seconds,
puff duration—2 seconds, and 100% of the ventilation holes must be blocked during
smoking. The British Columbia Ministry of Health (http://www.healthservices.gov.bc.ca/
ttdr/index.html) provides information on MS deliveries of 44 constituents in commercial
leading Canadian cigarettes (top 22 brands in British Columbia are accounting for
70–80% of the market) under both standard FTC and more intense (human-like)
smoking conditions (HSC). When machine smoked using more intense parameters,
the leading Canadian, Japanese, and the UK brands sold in British Columbia deliver
on average, 3.3 mg, 2.4 mg, and 2.9 mg nicotine per cigarette, respectively, and 36 mg,
28 mg, and 34 mg tar per cigarette, respectively.
The drawback of both the Massachusetts and Health Canada methods is that they do
not take into account that cigarettes with different FTC tar and nicotine yields are
designed to guide smokers to smoke them differently (Burns et al. 2001). Therefore,
one single set of even more intense machine-smoking parameters will not adequately
reflect individual puffing characteristics and delivered dosages of nicotine and carcinogens
to smokers. Moreover, the very large inter- and intra-individual variations
in smoking topography among smokers of the same brand (Djordjevic et al. 2000a)
needs to be considered during the exposure assessment. To demonstrate this, the
Massachusetts smoke yields for the leading US full flavor regular and mentholated
brands were compared with the values obtained by mimicking the puffing patterns of
two individuals who smoked those two brands (Table 9.5). The smoker of the mentholated
brand drew in 5.6 mg nicotine per cigarette and the smoker of non-mentholated
cigarette drew 4.1 mg nicotine, double the amounts than those estimated by the
Massachusetts method. Moreover, the smoker of non-mentholated brand took in four
times more of the carcinogens NNN and NNK (Djordjevic et al. 2000), than determined
by the ‘intense’ Massachusetts method and approximately eight times more
than determined by the FTC method. When the Thai cigarette was machine-smoked
at a rate of two puffs per minute, the emission of nicotine in the MS was 5.6 mg per
cigarette (Mitacek 1990).
Roll-your-own cigarettes
Roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes are a cheaper substitute for commercially manufactured
brands and are gaining in popularity worldwide. Smokers of RYO tend to be
concentrated in the lower socio-economic levels. In Europe, the major markets for
RYO are the Netherlands and Germany (Dymond 1996). In Canada, sales of RYO
accounted for approximately 14% of the Canadian cigarette market by the end of 1989
(Kaiserman and Rickert 1992a). In the United Kingdom, in 1994, more than 20% of
male smokers used RYO products as compared to 4% of female smokers (Darrall et al.
1998). In the US, 3.4 billion RYO cigarettes were smoked in 1994 (2000 Maxwell
Tobacco Fact Book).