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central and eastern Europe (CEE) (Continued) tobacco-related mortality 12–13, 494–5 tobacco use 239–49 see also Poland; Russia central nervous system, action of nicotine 131 Central Tobacco Research Institute, Andhra Pradesh, India 256 cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) 550 biological plausibility 565 Bradford Hill criteria 556 mortality trends 554, 555 passive smoking and 567 strength and dose–response relationships 558, 559, 560 temporal sequence of association 563 see also stroke cervical mucus, nicotine and cotinine levels 469 cervical neoplasia (CIN and invasive cancer) 459–78 adenocarcinoma 465, 472 case–control studies 460–63 cohort studies 460 HPV and smoking interaction 463–67 intervention studies 469 possible biological mechanisms 469–72 antioxidants 471–2 direct effects 469 immunologic effects 469–71 risk factors 459 Ceylon Tobacco Company 343 Chad 273 charcoal filter tips 64–5, 81 Chelsea 175 Chesterfield© 37 chewing tobacco 420 in India 254, 257 laryngeal cancer risk 373 oral cancer risk 420–3 pancreatic cancer risk 481 stomach cancer risk 439 children bans on sales of cigarettes 211, 323, 666, 678, 691 labour on tobacco plantations 275 passive smoking 296 in China 223 health effects 289, 290, 297–304, 336, 708 in Poland 248 reasons for smoking, in India 259–60 smoke-free homes 720–2 smoking prevalence 210–11 eastern Europe/Poland 245–6 Russia 231–2 tobacco use in India 259 in sub-Saharan Africa 269 Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act, 1991 211 chilum 253 China 215–26 hazards of tobacco use 223–5, 283 lung cancer 488 marketing targeted at women 344 oesophageal cancer risk factors 391 prevalence of tobacco use 217–23 smoking by women 218, 219, 333, 337 tobacco-related mortality 13, 224–5, 282–3, 494–5 tuberculosis mortality 735 Chinese Americans, nicotine metabolism 134 Chinese prospective mortality study 224, 225, 283 Chinese retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths 224–5, 283 chocolate extracts 174 cholinergic receptors, nicotinic 131 chromium 61, 97 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 570 burden in India 260, 261 lower-yield cigarettes and 587–8 lung function changes 581–4 mechanisms of lung injury 584 mortality rates in smokers 585, 586 patterns of lung injury 579–80 pipe and cigar smokers 586–7 smoking cessation and 585–6 tobacco smoke composition and 580–1 chrysene dihydrodiols 102 chutta 196, 254 reverse smoking 196, 254, 257 stomach cancer risk 439 cigarette-making machines 4, 18 cigarettes vi additives see additives advertising see advertising American blended 69–70, 182 availability see availability, cigarettes burn rate 171 chemical studies and bioassays 53–92 circumference 68–9 construction 68–9 consumption 10–11, 13 in Africa 267 effects of smoking bans/restrictions 722–5 income and 267–8 in Poland 239, 240, 241 reduced, with NRT 757–8 see also smoking intensity in eastern Europe/Poland 243–4 filter see filter cigarettes FTC testing see under Federal Trade Commission full-flavoured 183 harm reduction see harm reduction high-yield see high-yield cigarettes history 18–19, 207 length 68 light see light cigarettes low-yield see low-yield cigarettes manufacture 659 central and eastern Europe 236, 237 China 215, 216 India 255–6 sub-Saharan Africa 273 medium-yield see medium-yield cigarettes new types xi, 77–9, 99 INDEX 777
778 INDEX cigarettes (Continued) nicotine content 168, 171, 183–93 mainstream smoke 186–92 roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes 192–3 tobacco 183–6 nicotine delivery 135–6 nicotine yields see under nicotine packets see packets, cigarette paper see paper, cigarette pharmacology 167–72 purchasing, economic impact on women 337 rationing, in former socialist economies 237, 240 regulation see regulation of cigarettes roll-your-own see roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes sales, Poland 239, 240, 241 science (addiction by design) 167–80, 661 targeted at women 343–4 tar yields see under tar tobacco types 69–70 ultra low yield 183, 185 cigarette smoke see smoke, tobacco cigarette smoking cardiovascular disease and 569 cervical neoplasia and 459–78 colorectal adenoma risk 446–7 colorectal cancer risk 447–51 epidemic 10–13, 19 developing countries 13 four-stage model 329–30 future expectations 13–14 see also smoking prevalence; tobacco use evolution of knowledge on health impact 5–10, 18–19 1950s watershed 6–7, 22–3 acceptance of evidence of harm 7–8, 23–5 early 20th century 5–6 impact on total mortality 8–10 see also epidemiological studies, great history 3–4, 18–19, 37 HPV infection and 467–469 initiation see smoking initiation laryngeal cancer risk 369–73 nicotine absorption 133–4 nicotine self-administration 150–2 oesophageal cancer risk 383–97 oral cancer risk 400–18 pancreatic cancer risk 479–80 prevalence see smoking prevalence stomach cancer risk 433–7 switching to other tobacco products 569 cigarillos 193 cigars 193–5 cardiovascular disease and 569 colorectal cancer risk 454 COPD and 586–7 effects on mortality 9–10 history 3, 207 laryngeal cancer risk 373 oesophageal cancer risk 384 oral cancer risk 418–20 oral nicotine absorption 72, 134 pancreatic cancer risk 481 smoke yields 194–5 stomach cancer risk 439 cilia, airway 581 CIN see cervical neoplasia cinnamic aldehyde pinanediol acetal 176 class action lawsuits 688–9, 701–2 clay pipes 5, 18 cleft lip/palate 652 clove oil extract 175 cobalt 61 cocaine 137, 138, 139 cocoa extracts 174 coffee extract 174 cohort studies additional 25–7 continuing need for 32 contributions of later 27–32 earliest 7, 21–3, 489 early findings 22–3 growing scientific consensus 23–5 initial need for 21 collagenases 637 colorectal adenomas 445 assessing causal role of smoking 452 cigarette smoking and 446–7 colorectal cancer 445–59 assessing causal role of smoking 451–3 cigarette smoking and 447–51 unresolved issues and implications 453–4 communicators, strategic 671, 672 community organizers 672 compensation, financial cases against employers 699 cases against tobacco companies 699–703 compensatory smoking after smoking bans/restrictions 724 low-yield (light) cigarettes 62, 171, 186, 767 minimizing 768 tobacco control policy and 664–5 ventilated filters 41, 68 competitive marketing 661–2 compliance, smoke-free bans and restrictions driving forces 711–14 public places 718 workplaces 715–17 conditioned place preference (CPP), nicotine 156–7 conditioned reinforcement 150 confounding 8, 298 colorectal adenoma/cancer associations 447, 452 congenital malformations 299–300 Congo 273 consistency, causal associations 552 consumers perception and types of persuasion 46–7 protection laws, enforcing 703 COPD see chronic obstructive pulmonary disease coping skills training 754 CORESTA, standard machine smoking conditions 62, 63 coronary heart disease see ischaemic heart disease
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Preface Tobacco: The public health
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PREFACE vii The cigarette companies
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dramatically. Once more, I am not s
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it impairs quality of life for year
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documents and through litigation by
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PREFACE xv it will not succeed. Now
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Stratton, K., Shetty, P., Wallace,
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Contents Preface v C. Everett Koop
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27 Tobacco and pancreas cancer 479
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Contributors Amanda Amos Reader in
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Stephen S. Hecht University of Minn
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Cecily S. Ray Project Assistant Epi
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Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic
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Introduction The publication of thi
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Part 1 Tobacco: History
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Introduction Chapter 1 Evolution of
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RICHARD DOLL 5 However, little atte
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RICHARD DOLL 7 lung’ (Doll and Hi
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Table 1.1 Principal diseases caused
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Table 1.4 Manufactured cigarette co
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in 1995 was approaching the maximum
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References Adler, I. (1912). Primar
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Introduction Chapter 2 The great st
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MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 19
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it seems likely that some of this v
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steady increase in lung cancer occu
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cigarette smoking in deaths from co
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the effects of smoking and smoking
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Lung cancer death rate (per 100,000
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Lickint, F. (1929). Zeitschrift fur
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Chapter 3 Dealing with health fears
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LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI AND RICHARD J. O
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Table 3.3 Selected cigarette advert
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Part 2 Tobacco: Composition
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Introduction Chapter 4 The changing
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ILSE HOFFMANN AND DIETRICH HOFFMANN
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Table 4.4 (continued) Carcinogens i
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Table 4.5 Standard conditions for m
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Table 4.7 Comparison of experimenta
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the lung in rats treated with NNK (
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serve as the scientific basis in su
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Senkus, M. (ed.) (1976). Leaf compo
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Introduction Chapter 5 Tobacco smok
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 95 Established pul
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 97 magnitude lower
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 99 generally great
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Table 5.1 1-Hydroxypyrene in the ur
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Table 5.2 NNAL and its glucuronides
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 105 Table 5.2 (con
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Table 5.3 Representative DNA adduct
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G No (Wang et al. 2001a) N 2 CHCH 2
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 111 N-Nitrosopyrro
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(Kozack et al. 2000; Seo et al. 200
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the DNA adducts resulting from toba
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Culp, S. J., Gaylor, D. W., Sheldon
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 119 International
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 121 Melchior, W. B
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 123 Rivenso, A., H
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Wang, M., McIntee, E. J., Cheng, G.
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Part 3 Nicotine and addiction
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Chapter 6 Pharmacology of nicotine
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JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND NEAL L. BE
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Pickworth et al. 1995; Shiffman et
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American Caucasians and Hispanics (
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(US DHHS 2001). At doses delivered
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References JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND
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Introduction Chapter 7 Behavioral p
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 151 How
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(Fischman and Foltin 1991). Another
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following repeated, infrequent and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 157 oth
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 159 cli
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to tobacco product ingredients and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 163 Gom
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 165 Ris
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Introduction Chapter 8 Cigarette sc
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JEFF FOWLES AND DENNIS SHUSTERMAN 1
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◆ The pressure drop of the filter
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Nitrosamines Nitrosamines are biolo
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Physical design features of cigaret
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Introduction Chapter 9 Nicotine dos
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world tobacco burden (World Health
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Table 9.2 The ranges of nicotine, n
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 187 turing a
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Poland 19 1.4 n.a. n.a. 68−347 36
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191 cigarette
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 193 Table 9.5
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 195 MS wherea
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 197 In recent
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 199 Table 9.8
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 201 Burns, D.
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International Agency for Research o
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Part 4 Tobacco use: Prevalence, tre
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Chapter 10 Tobacco in Great Britain
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Adult smoking PATTI WHITE 209 Since
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oys who were regular smokers report
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PATTI WHITE 213 cancer, and bringin
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Introduction Chapter 11 The epidemi
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since the late 1980s. In 2001, Phil
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YANG HONGHUAN 219 ◆ Among males,
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Table 11.1 Smoking among adolescent
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(57%) was higher than in males (45%
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20 cigarettes a day had double the
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Chapter 12 Patterns of smoking in R
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DAVID ZARIDZE 229 Ignatova et al. (
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DAVID ZARIDZE 231 Tyumen, respectiv
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References DAVID ZARIDZE 233 Alexee
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Chapter 13 Tobacco smoking in centr
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 237 The developmen
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especially post-Soviet countries, w
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No. of Cigarettes 3000 2500 2000 15
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 243 young men and
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DEATHS / 100,000 DEATHS / 100,000 7
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 247 According to d
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Unfortunately, available data on th
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Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Gdulewicz,
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Chapter 14 The epidemic in India Pr
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aniseed, and musk, also available a
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Prevalence among youth PRAKASH C. G
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treatment and premature death were
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Although tobacco control legislatio
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Chapter 15 Tobacco in Africa: More
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In assessing tobacco use in Africa
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 271 plug the gap th
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Table 15.2 Cigarette taxes as perce
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 275 In recent years
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World Bank (2001). Economics of Tob
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Part 5 Tobacco and health. Global b
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Chapter 16 The future worldwide hea
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RICHARD PETO AND ALAN D LOPEZ 283 a
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UK male death rate at ages 35-69 ha
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Overview Chapter 17 Passive smoking
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evidence have proved to be effectiv
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 291 a thousand de
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Table 17.2 Occupational ETS exposur
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Table 17.3 Nicotine concentrations
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portable piezobalance to sample aer
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 299 Fetal effects
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 301 Investigation
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Table 17.4 Summary of pooled random
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 305 also reported
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and involuntary exposure to tobacco
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Glantz, S. A. and Parmley, W. W. (1
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 311 O’Connor, G
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 313 US Department
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Introduction Chapter 18 Adolescent
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 317 would be
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 319 Indeed, t
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 321 reached i
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subsequent consumption. Most studie
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Burns, D., Garfinkel, L., and Samet
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 327 US Depart
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The epidemic Chapter 19 Tobacco and
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 331 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 333 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 335 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 337 p
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 339 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 341 o
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 343 M
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such as Jewel and Madonna, who woul
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 347 t
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particularly in developing countrie
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 351 L
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Part 6 Tobacco and cancer
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Chapter 20 Cancer of the prostate F
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Table 20.1 Summary of results of ca
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Andersson et al. 1996 Sweden 256 ca
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Table 20.2 Summary of results of co
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cancer in younger or elderly men, w
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FABIO LEVI AND CARLO LA VECCHIA 365
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Summary Chapter 21 Laryngeal cancer
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12-year follow-up of the American C
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Hedberg et al. USA, 235, 81% P, 547
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cigarettes as compared to blond-tob
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of 3.78 and 11.47. An interpretatio
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Effect on survival In two studies f
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Cattaruzza, M. S., Maisonneuve, P.,
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USDHEW (1964). Laryngeal cancer. In
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Chapter 22 Smoking and cancer of th
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Table 22.1 Results from selected ca
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Asia Gao et al. 1994— Population
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EVA NEGRI 389 Ille-et-Vilaine, Fran
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Odds Ratio 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.30 2
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Garidou et al. 1996— Hospital ≤
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De Stefani, E., Barrios, E., and Fi
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Wynder, E. L. and Bross, I. J. (196
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Introduction Chapter 23 Tobacco use
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Table 23.1 Tobacco use and risk of
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Franceschi et al. Oral cavity, Oral
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Muscat et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.1
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Population-based case-control studi
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Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 411 the cont
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 413 For smok
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 415 per day
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 417 than tha
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 419 For exam
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 421 decline
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Studies in India: Oral cancer is th
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carcinoma compared with other combi
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studies have demonstrated a positiv
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 429 Garrote,
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 431 Notani,
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Chapter 24 Smoking and stomach canc
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DAVID ZARIDZE 435 such as sex, age,
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DAVID ZARIDZE 437 (Kato et al. 1990
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DAVID ZARIDZE 439 respectively. The
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Gajalakshmi, C. K. and Shanta, V. (
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Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.
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Introduction Chapter 25 Cigarette s
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attenuated in every study after con
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 449 with a gener
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(Baron et al. 1994) of 352 colon ca
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(U.S. Dept. of Health Education and
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References EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 455 A
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 457 Kono, S., Ik
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Chapter 26 Smoking and cervical neo
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Tokuhata 1967* Williams 1977* Wigle
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Clarke 1985* Hellberg 1986* La Vecc
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ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 465
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case-control study nested in a scre
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five-fold risk of cervical cancer f
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(typically around two-fold), but be
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Introduction Chapter 27 Tobacco and
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Cigar, pipe, and chewing tobacco Wh
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Conclusion Overall, tobacco smoking
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Summary Chapter 28 Smoking and lung
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GRAHAM G. GILES AND PETER BOYLE 487
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quit for 20 years or more (Rogot an
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cancer and others where there is st
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Peto, R. (1986) Influence of dose a
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Chapter 29 Tobacco smoking and canc
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He further noted that case-control
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coefficients from the data in Table
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DIMITRIOS TRICHOPOULOS AND ARETI LA
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Epidemiology Chapter 30 Smoking and
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CRYSTAL N. HOLICK AND HARVEY A. RIS
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and at least the enteric variety of
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Chapter 31 Endometrial cancer Paul
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Table 31.1 Epidemiological studies
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studies (Terry et al. 1999, 2002a),
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Newcomer Population 740/2372 40-79
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 531 levels, an
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Relative body weight Obesity is an
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Key et al. 1991 147 pre- and postme
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lood levels among current smokers,
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Table 31.7 Studies of cigarette smo
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of the association between cigarett
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Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., and R
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 545 Weiderpass
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Part 7 Tobacco and heart disease
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citations of some of the best-known
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 553 because the dat
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 555 Fig. 32.2 Trend
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Table 32.3 Case-control studies of
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Table 32.5 Cohort studies of active
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Table 32.6 Effect of exclusion of p
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eadily addressed by cohort studies
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Specificity The entries in Table 32
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Table 32.8 Application of Bradford
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 569 arterial CVD re
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elationship goes beyond statistical
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Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Su
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National Health and Medical Researc
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Part 8 Tobacco and respiratory dise
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Introduction Chapter 33 Chronic obs
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Many of the constituents in both th
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DAVID M. BURNS rate of growth in lu
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Death rates from COPD in smokers an
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Fraction of Excess Risk 1.20 1.00 0
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DAVID M. BURNS Higgins, M. W., Enri
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Part 9 Tobacco and other diseases
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Introduction Chapter 34 Smoking and
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 595 several mechanis
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Table 34.4 Studies that reported re
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Table 34.5 Cohort studies that repo
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than non-smokers; they have about h
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Table 34.8 Cohort studies that repo
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esults from cohort studies. There i
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 607 (DiFranza and Le
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Table 34.12 Cohort studies that rep
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Caries and tooth loss Because perio
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Table 34.16 Summary of disorders in
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References ALLAN HACKSHAW 615 Allar
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Johnsen, R., Forde, O. H., Straume,
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Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Spei
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Part 10 Genetics, nicotine addictio
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Chapter 35 Genes, nicotine addictio
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Cotinine (ng/ml) 750 500 250 OXCHEC
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. 627 of those
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. risk associat
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Table 35.2 (continued) Gene map Chr
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. pre-clinical
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Steps to carcinogenesis Exposure to
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DNA repair As previously alluded to
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. Lichtenstein,
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Part 11 Tobacco and alcohol
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Table 36.1 Comparison of alcohol an
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Although gene therapy has rarely be
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20+ TABAC 5.1 10-19 0-9 3.4 12.3 0-
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Heavy drinking is known to cause ga
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Treatment issues and co-dependence
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ALBERT B. LOWENFELS AND PATRICK MAI
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Part 12 Tobacco control: Successes
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Introduction Chapter 37 Global toba
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NIGEL GRAY (sometimes at state leve
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NIGEL GRAY The first attempt to red
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per litre of smoke. Reduction of th
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Borland, R., Cappiello, M. and Owen
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Chapter 38 Lessons in tobacco contr
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entangling relationships with negot
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successful country advocates deeply
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Thus, when the opportunity arose, t
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Chapter 39 A brief history of legis
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Committee, mentioned above, little
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4. Tobacco and its related processi
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RUTH ROEMER 683 advertising and adv
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or shows, and distribution of free
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RUTH ROEMER 687 threat to the peopl
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RUTH ROEMER 689 The case was settle
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Another study by Harvard researcher
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At the end of 2003, 83 countries ha
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Chapter 40 Roles of tobacco litigat
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NGOs obtained sanctions against tob
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 699 In a 1980s c
Page 734 and 735:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 701 Fourth, the
Page 736 and 737:
even impossible. Such a statute pre
Page 738 and 739:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 705 Daynard, R.
Page 740 and 741:
Introduction Chapter 41 Impact of s
Page 742 and 743:
in this chapter, is evidence that s
Page 744 and 745:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 711 Wh
Page 746 and 747:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 713 On
Page 748 and 749:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 715 ro
Page 750 and 751:
you are subject, but this does not
Page 752 and 753:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 719 to
Page 754 and 755:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 721 fo
Page 756 and 757:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 723 (E
Page 758 and 759:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 725 th
Page 760 and 761: advanced. Although in countries lik
Page 762 and 763: RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 729 Da
Page 764 and 765: RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 731 Pr
Page 766 and 767: Introduction Chapter 42 Effective i
Page 768 and 769: PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 735 India (Gupta
Page 770 and 771: Average price or tax per pack (US$)
Page 772 and 773: PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 739 Bans on adve
Page 774 and 775: PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 741 Table 42.2 T
Page 776 and 777: PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 743 antismugglin
Page 778 and 779: Farrelly, M. C., Pechacek, T. F., a
Page 780 and 781: PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 747 Raw, M., Mc
Page 782 and 783: Part 13 Treatment of dependence
Page 784 and 785: Introduction Chapter 43 Treatment o
Page 786 and 787: Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine
Page 788 and 789: MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 755 tob
Page 790 and 791: Fifteen different products were ide
Page 792 and 793: In summary, tobacco dependence amon
Page 794 and 795: medications for OTC sale in 1996, t
Page 796 and 797: MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 763 US
Page 798 and 799: Chapter 44 Regulation of the cigare
Page 800 and 801: as these correlate quite well with
Page 802 and 803: NIGEL GRAY 769 within three major g
Page 804 and 805: of carcinogens and toxins in its wa
Page 806 and 807: Index abdominal aortic aneurysm see
Page 808 and 809: aromatic amines 58, 60, 98 DNA addu
Page 812 and 813: coronary thrombosis 5 see also myoc
Page 814 and 815: epinephrine 169 epoxide hydrolase g
Page 816 and 817: health professionals advice on smok
Page 818 and 819: laryngeal cancer (Continued) animal
Page 820 and 821: Morris, Philip 207 see also Philip
Page 822 and 823: nursing home residents 718 nutritio
Page 824 and 825: Polish Central Statistical Office (
Page 826 and 827: smoke, tobacco (including cigarette
Page 828 and 829: Sweden female smoking rates 330-1 l
Page 830 and 831: United Nations agencies 680-1 Unite
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Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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