Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

Table 23.1 (continued) Tobacco use and risk of oral cancer
Author (year) Cancer site Major results Comments
country
(Cases/controls)
Cigarettes Cigar/pipe Smokeless
Negri et al. (1993), Oral cavity and RR = 3.6 for moderate The single factor with the
Northern Italy pharynx smokers vs. never highest attributable risk was
(439/2106) smokers; RR = 9.4 for smoking, which account for
heavy smokers vs. 81–87% of oral cancers in
never smokers males and for 42–47% in females
Mashberg et al. Oral cavity OR = 4.0 (95% CI OR = 3.3 (95% No increased risk was The number of subjects
(1993), New Jersey, and pharynx 1.9–8.2) for smoking CI 1.5–7.0) found for use of snuff using snuff and chewing
US (359/2280) of >36 cigarettes per day (OR = 0.8) or chewing
tobacco (OR = 1.0)
tobacco was small
Rao et al. (1994) Lip, oral cavity No significantly RR = 2.8 (95% Very few subjects smoked
India (713/635) (excluding increased risk for CI 2.3–3.6) for cigarette alone
base of the smoking cigarettes tobacco chewers
tongue and compared to
soft palate) non-chewers
Kabat et al. (1994), Oral cavity OR = 3.3 (95% CI 2.4–4.3) Crude OR = 2.3 The results for smokeless
US (1560/2948) and pharynx for current vs. never in (95% CI 0.7–7.3) for tobacco use were based on
males; OR = 4.3 (95% regular chewer in men. small number of subjects
CI 3.2–5.9) for current vs. Crude OR = 34.5
never in females (95% CI 8.5–140.1) for
snuff users in women
Macfarlane et al. Oral cavity, OR = 3.8 (95% CI 2.5–5.8) The risk of oral cancer
(1995), US, tongue, for smoking of >30 pack- increased with increasing
Italy, China pharynx years in males; OR = 6.2 tobacco consumption among
(835/1300) (95% CI 3.4–11.2) for women who never drank
smoking of >18 packyears
in females
alcohol