Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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TOBACCO SMOKE CARCINOGENS: HUMAN UPTAKE AND DNA INTERACTIONS
Table 5.2 (continued) NNAL and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc) in urine: biomarkers of NNK
uptake
Study group Main conclusions Reference
2. 47 smokeless NNAL and NNAL-Gluc levels similar to those in (Kresty et al. 1996)
tobacco users smokers. Significant association between total
(chewers and NNAL + NNAL-Gluc and oral leukoplakia
snuff-dippers) (M)
3. 13 smokeless Distribution half-lives of NNAL and NNAL-Gluc (Hecht et al. 2002)
tobacco significantly shorter in smokeless tobacco users
users (M) than smokers. Ratios of (S)-NNAL:(R)-NNAL
and (S)-NNAL-Gluc:(R)-NNAL-Gluc significantly
higher 7 days after cessation than at baseline,
suggesting receptor site for (S)-NNAL
4. 10 smokeless NNAL-N-Gluc identified in urine, comprises (Carmella et al. 2002)
tobacco users and 24 ± 12% of total NNAL-Gluc
4 toombak users
C. ETS and transplacental exposure
1. 5 men exposed Significantly increased levels of NNAL plus (Hecht et al. 1993)
to ETS NNAL-Gluc after exposure to ETS in a
chamber: mean ± S.D. after exposure,
approx 0.16 ± 0.10 pmol/ml
2. 5M, 4F exposed to Significantly increased levels of NNAL-Gluc in (Parsons et al. 1998)
ETS, 5 controls workers exposed to ETS compared to
unexposed negative controls: mean ± S.D. in exposed
workers, 0.059 ± 0.028 pmol/ml
3. 30 non-smokers NNAL + NNAL-Gluc levels correlated with (Meger et al. 2000)
(13F) nicotine levels on personal samplers. NNAL,
20.3 ± 21.8 pmol/day, NNAL-Gluc,
22.9 ± 28.6 pmol/day in exposed
non-smokers
4. 45 non-smoking NNAL and NNAL-Gluc significantly higher in (Anderson et al. 2001)
women, exposed than in non-exposed women.
23 exposed to NNAL + NNAL-Gluc in exposed women,
ETS in the home, 0.050 ± 0.068 pmol/ml
22 non-exposed
5. 204 non-smoking 34% with total cotinine ≥ 5 ng/ml; (Hecht et al. 2001)
elementary 52/54 of these samples had
school-aged detectable NNAL or NNAL-Gluc, 93-fold
children range. Mean ± S.D., NNAL + NNAL-Gluc
0.056 ± 0.076 pmol/ml
6. 31 newborns of NNAL-Gluc detected in 71% of urines of (Lackmann et al. 1999)
mothers who newborns of smokers, NNAL in 13%;
smoked; neither detected in urines of newborns of
17 newborns of non-smokers, a significant difference;
mothers who did NNAL + NNAL-Gluc in urine of newborns of
not smoke smoking mothers, 0.13 ± 0.15 pmol/ml