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DIMITRIOS TRICHOPOULOS AND ARETI LAGIOU 509 Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., et al. (1997). A prospective study of passive smoking and coronary heart disease. Circulation, 95, 2374–9. Kuper, H., Tzonou, A., Kaklamani, E., Hsieh, C. C., Lagiou, P., Adami, H. O., et al. (2000). Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and their interaction in the causation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer, 85, 498–502. Lagiou, P. and Adami, H. O. (2002). Burden of cancer. In: Textbook of cancer epidemiology (ed. Adai, Hunter,and Trichopoulos). Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 3–28. Land, C. E. (1995). Studies of cancer and radiation dose among atomic bomb survivors. The example of breast cancer. JAMA, 274, 402–7. Lash, T. L. and Aschengrau, A. (1999). Active and passive cigarette smoking and the occurrence of breast cancer. Am.J.Epidemiol., 149, 5–12. Lowenfels, A. B. and Maisonneuve, P. (2002). Epidemiologic and etiologic factors of pancreatic cancer. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am., 16, 1–16. MacMahon, B. (1990). Cigarette smoking and cancer of the breast. In: Smoking and hormone-related disorders (eds. Wald and Baron). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 154–66. MacMahon, B., Trichopoulos, D., Cole, P., and Brown, J. (1982). Cigarette smoking and urinary estrogens. N. Engl. J.Med., 307, 1062–5. Manjer, J., Malina, J., Berglund, G., Bondeson, L., Garne, J. P., and Janzon, L. (2001). Smoking associated with hormone receptor negative breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 91, 580–4. Marcus, P. M., Newman, B., Millikan, R. C., Moorman, P. G., Baird, D. D., and Qaqish, B. (2000). The associations of adolescent cigarette smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, environmental tobacco smoke, and ionizing radiation with subsequent breast cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 11, 271–8. Michnovicz, J. J. and Fishman, J. (1990). Increased oxidative metabolism of oestrogens in male and female smokers. In: Smoking and hormone-related disorders (eds. Wald and Baron). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 197–208. Michnovicz, J. J., Hershcopf, R. J., Naganuma, H., Bradlow, H. L., and Fishman, J. (1986). Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. N. Engl. J.Med., 315, 1305–9. Millikan, R. C., Pittman, G. S., Newman, B., Tse, C. K., Selmin, O., Rockhill, B., et al. (1998). Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 7, 371–8. Morabia, A. (2002). Smoking (active and passive) and breast cancer: epidemiologic evidence up to June 2001. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 39, 89–95. Morabia, A., Bernstein, M., Heritier, S., and Khatchatrian, N. (1996). Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke. Am.J.Epidemiol., 143, 918–28. Morabia, A., Bernstein, M., Ruiz, J., Heritier, S., Diebold Berger, S., Borisch, B. (1998). Relation of smoking to breast cancer by estrogen receptor status. Int. J. Cancer, 75, 339–42. Petrakis, N. L., Maack, C. A., Lee, R. E., and Lyon, M. (1980). Mutagenic activity in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid. Cancer Res., 40, 188–9. Petridou, E., Giokas, G., Kuper, H., Mucci, L. A., and Trichopoulos, D. (2000). Endocrine correlates of male breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Athens, Greece.Br.J.Cancer, 83, 1234–37. Phillips, D. H., Martin, F. L., Grover, P. L., and Williams, J. A. (2001). Toxicological basis for a possible association of breast cancer with smoking and other sources of environmental carcinogens. J. Women’s Cancer, 3, 9–16. Russo, J., Hu, Y. F., Silva, I. D., and Russo, I. H. (2001). Cancer risk related to mammary gland structure and development. Microsc. Res. Tech., 52, 204–23.
510 TOBACCO SMOKING AND CANCER OF THE BREAST Terry, P. D.,Miller, A. B., and Rohan, T. E. (2002). A prospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 86, 1430–5. Van Leeuwen, F. E., de Vries, F., van der Kooy, K., and Rookus, M. (1997). Smoking and breast cancer risk [abstract]. Am.J.Epidemiol., 145, S29. Vessey, M., Baron, J., Doll R., McPherson, K., and Yeates, D. (1983). Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: final report of an epidemiological study. Br. J.Cancer, 47, 455–62. Wells, A. J. (1992). Re: ‘Breast cancer, cigarette smoking, and passive smoking’ [reply]. Am. J. Epidemiol., 135, 710–12. Wells, A. J. (1998). Re: ‘Breast cancer, cigarette smoking, and passive smoking’. Am.J.Epidemiol., 147, 991–2. Zhao, Y., Shi, Z., and Liu, L. (1999). [Matched case-control study for detecting risk factors of breast cancer in women living in Chengdu] (in Chinese). J. Epidemiol., 20, 91–4.
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Preface Tobacco: The public health
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PREFACE vii The cigarette companies
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dramatically. Once more, I am not s
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it impairs quality of life for year
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documents and through litigation by
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PREFACE xv it will not succeed. Now
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Stratton, K., Shetty, P., Wallace,
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Contents Preface v C. Everett Koop
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27 Tobacco and pancreas cancer 479
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Contributors Amanda Amos Reader in
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Stephen S. Hecht University of Minn
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Cecily S. Ray Project Assistant Epi
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Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic
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Introduction The publication of thi
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Part 1 Tobacco: History
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Introduction Chapter 1 Evolution of
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RICHARD DOLL 5 However, little atte
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RICHARD DOLL 7 lung’ (Doll and Hi
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Table 1.1 Principal diseases caused
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Table 1.4 Manufactured cigarette co
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in 1995 was approaching the maximum
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References Adler, I. (1912). Primar
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Introduction Chapter 2 The great st
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MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 19
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it seems likely that some of this v
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steady increase in lung cancer occu
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cigarette smoking in deaths from co
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the effects of smoking and smoking
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Lung cancer death rate (per 100,000
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Lickint, F. (1929). Zeitschrift fur
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Chapter 3 Dealing with health fears
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LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI AND RICHARD J. O
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Table 3.3 Selected cigarette advert
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Part 2 Tobacco: Composition
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Introduction Chapter 4 The changing
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ILSE HOFFMANN AND DIETRICH HOFFMANN
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Table 4.4 (continued) Carcinogens i
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Table 4.5 Standard conditions for m
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Table 4.7 Comparison of experimenta
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the lung in rats treated with NNK (
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serve as the scientific basis in su
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Senkus, M. (ed.) (1976). Leaf compo
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Introduction Chapter 5 Tobacco smok
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 95 Established pul
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 97 magnitude lower
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 99 generally great
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Table 5.1 1-Hydroxypyrene in the ur
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Table 5.2 NNAL and its glucuronides
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 105 Table 5.2 (con
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Table 5.3 Representative DNA adduct
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G No (Wang et al. 2001a) N 2 CHCH 2
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 111 N-Nitrosopyrro
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(Kozack et al. 2000; Seo et al. 200
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the DNA adducts resulting from toba
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Culp, S. J., Gaylor, D. W., Sheldon
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 119 International
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 121 Melchior, W. B
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 123 Rivenso, A., H
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Wang, M., McIntee, E. J., Cheng, G.
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Part 3 Nicotine and addiction
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Chapter 6 Pharmacology of nicotine
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JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND NEAL L. BE
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Pickworth et al. 1995; Shiffman et
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American Caucasians and Hispanics (
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(US DHHS 2001). At doses delivered
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References JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND
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Introduction Chapter 7 Behavioral p
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 151 How
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(Fischman and Foltin 1991). Another
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following repeated, infrequent and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 157 oth
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 159 cli
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to tobacco product ingredients and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 163 Gom
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 165 Ris
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Introduction Chapter 8 Cigarette sc
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JEFF FOWLES AND DENNIS SHUSTERMAN 1
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◆ The pressure drop of the filter
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Nitrosamines Nitrosamines are biolo
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Physical design features of cigaret
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Introduction Chapter 9 Nicotine dos
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world tobacco burden (World Health
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Table 9.2 The ranges of nicotine, n
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 187 turing a
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Poland 19 1.4 n.a. n.a. 68−347 36
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191 cigarette
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 193 Table 9.5
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 195 MS wherea
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 197 In recent
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 199 Table 9.8
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 201 Burns, D.
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International Agency for Research o
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Part 4 Tobacco use: Prevalence, tre
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Chapter 10 Tobacco in Great Britain
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Adult smoking PATTI WHITE 209 Since
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oys who were regular smokers report
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PATTI WHITE 213 cancer, and bringin
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Introduction Chapter 11 The epidemi
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since the late 1980s. In 2001, Phil
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YANG HONGHUAN 219 ◆ Among males,
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Table 11.1 Smoking among adolescent
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(57%) was higher than in males (45%
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20 cigarettes a day had double the
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Chapter 12 Patterns of smoking in R
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DAVID ZARIDZE 229 Ignatova et al. (
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DAVID ZARIDZE 231 Tyumen, respectiv
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References DAVID ZARIDZE 233 Alexee
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Chapter 13 Tobacco smoking in centr
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 237 The developmen
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especially post-Soviet countries, w
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No. of Cigarettes 3000 2500 2000 15
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 243 young men and
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DEATHS / 100,000 DEATHS / 100,000 7
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 247 According to d
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Unfortunately, available data on th
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Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Gdulewicz,
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Chapter 14 The epidemic in India Pr
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aniseed, and musk, also available a
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Prevalence among youth PRAKASH C. G
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treatment and premature death were
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Although tobacco control legislatio
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Chapter 15 Tobacco in Africa: More
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In assessing tobacco use in Africa
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 271 plug the gap th
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Table 15.2 Cigarette taxes as perce
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 275 In recent years
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World Bank (2001). Economics of Tob
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Part 5 Tobacco and health. Global b
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Chapter 16 The future worldwide hea
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RICHARD PETO AND ALAN D LOPEZ 283 a
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UK male death rate at ages 35-69 ha
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Overview Chapter 17 Passive smoking
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evidence have proved to be effectiv
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 291 a thousand de
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Table 17.2 Occupational ETS exposur
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Table 17.3 Nicotine concentrations
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portable piezobalance to sample aer
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 299 Fetal effects
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 301 Investigation
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Table 17.4 Summary of pooled random
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 305 also reported
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and involuntary exposure to tobacco
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Glantz, S. A. and Parmley, W. W. (1
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 311 O’Connor, G
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 313 US Department
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Introduction Chapter 18 Adolescent
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 317 would be
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 319 Indeed, t
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 321 reached i
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subsequent consumption. Most studie
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Burns, D., Garfinkel, L., and Samet
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 327 US Depart
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The epidemic Chapter 19 Tobacco and
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 331 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 333 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 335 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 337 p
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 339 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 341 o
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 343 M
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such as Jewel and Madonna, who woul
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 347 t
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particularly in developing countrie
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 351 L
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Part 6 Tobacco and cancer
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Chapter 20 Cancer of the prostate F
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Table 20.1 Summary of results of ca
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Andersson et al. 1996 Sweden 256 ca
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Table 20.2 Summary of results of co
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cancer in younger or elderly men, w
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FABIO LEVI AND CARLO LA VECCHIA 365
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Summary Chapter 21 Laryngeal cancer
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12-year follow-up of the American C
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Hedberg et al. USA, 235, 81% P, 547
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cigarettes as compared to blond-tob
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of 3.78 and 11.47. An interpretatio
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Effect on survival In two studies f
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Cattaruzza, M. S., Maisonneuve, P.,
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USDHEW (1964). Laryngeal cancer. In
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Chapter 22 Smoking and cancer of th
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Table 22.1 Results from selected ca
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Asia Gao et al. 1994— Population
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EVA NEGRI 389 Ille-et-Vilaine, Fran
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Odds Ratio 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.30 2
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Garidou et al. 1996— Hospital ≤
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De Stefani, E., Barrios, E., and Fi
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Wynder, E. L. and Bross, I. J. (196
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Introduction Chapter 23 Tobacco use
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Table 23.1 Tobacco use and risk of
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Franceschi et al. Oral cavity, Oral
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Muscat et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.1
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Population-based case-control studi
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Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 411 the cont
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 413 For smok
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 415 per day
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 417 than tha
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 419 For exam
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 421 decline
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Studies in India: Oral cancer is th
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carcinoma compared with other combi
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studies have demonstrated a positiv
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 429 Garrote,
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 431 Notani,
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Chapter 24 Smoking and stomach canc
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DAVID ZARIDZE 435 such as sex, age,
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DAVID ZARIDZE 437 (Kato et al. 1990
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DAVID ZARIDZE 439 respectively. The
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Gajalakshmi, C. K. and Shanta, V. (
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Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.
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Introduction Chapter 25 Cigarette s
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attenuated in every study after con
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 449 with a gener
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(Baron et al. 1994) of 352 colon ca
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(U.S. Dept. of Health Education and
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References EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 455 A
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 457 Kono, S., Ik
Page 492 and 493: Chapter 26 Smoking and cervical neo
Page 494 and 495: Tokuhata 1967* Williams 1977* Wigle
Page 496 and 497: Clarke 1985* Hellberg 1986* La Vecc
Page 498 and 499: ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 465
Page 500 and 501: case-control study nested in a scre
Page 502 and 503: five-fold risk of cervical cancer f
Page 506 and 507: (typically around two-fold), but be
Page 512 and 513: Introduction Chapter 27 Tobacco and
Page 514 and 515: Cigar, pipe, and chewing tobacco Wh
Page 516 and 517: Conclusion Overall, tobacco smoking
Page 518 and 519: Summary Chapter 28 Smoking and lung
Page 520 and 521: GRAHAM G. GILES AND PETER BOYLE 487
Page 526 and 527: quit for 20 years or more (Rogot an
Page 530 and 531: cancer and others where there is st
Page 534 and 535: Peto, R. (1986) Influence of dose a
Page 536 and 537: Chapter 29 Tobacco smoking and canc
Page 538 and 539: He further noted that case-control
Page 540 and 541: coefficients from the data in Table
Page 544 and 545: Epidemiology Chapter 30 Smoking and
Page 546 and 547: CRYSTAL N. HOLICK AND HARVEY A. RIS
Page 550 and 551: and at least the enteric variety of
Page 556 and 557: Chapter 31 Endometrial cancer Paul
Page 558 and 559: Table 31.1 Epidemiological studies
Page 560 and 561: studies (Terry et al. 1999, 2002a),
Page 562 and 563: Newcomer Population 740/2372 40-79
Page 564 and 565: PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 531 levels, an
Page 566 and 567: Relative body weight Obesity is an
Page 568 and 569: Key et al. 1991 147 pre- and postme
Page 570 and 571: lood levels among current smokers,
Page 572 and 573: Table 31.7 Studies of cigarette smo
Page 574 and 575: of the association between cigarett
Page 576 and 577: Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., and R
Page 578 and 579: PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 545 Weiderpass
Page 580 and 581: Part 7 Tobacco and heart disease
Page 582 and 583: Introduction Chapter 32 Tobacco and
Page 584 and 585: citations of some of the best-known
Page 586 and 587: KONRAD JAMROZIK 553 because the dat
Page 588 and 589: KONRAD JAMROZIK 555 Fig. 32.2 Trend
Page 590 and 591: Table 32.3 Case-control studies of
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Table 32.5 Cohort studies of active
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Table 32.6 Effect of exclusion of p
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eadily addressed by cohort studies
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Specificity The entries in Table 32
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Table 32.8 Application of Bradford
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 569 arterial CVD re
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elationship goes beyond statistical
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Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Su
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National Health and Medical Researc
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Part 8 Tobacco and respiratory dise
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Introduction Chapter 33 Chronic obs
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Many of the constituents in both th
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DAVID M. BURNS rate of growth in lu
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Death rates from COPD in smokers an
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Fraction of Excess Risk 1.20 1.00 0
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DAVID M. BURNS Higgins, M. W., Enri
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Part 9 Tobacco and other diseases
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Introduction Chapter 34 Smoking and
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 595 several mechanis
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Table 34.4 Studies that reported re
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Table 34.5 Cohort studies that repo
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than non-smokers; they have about h
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Table 34.8 Cohort studies that repo
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esults from cohort studies. There i
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 607 (DiFranza and Le
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Table 34.12 Cohort studies that rep
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Caries and tooth loss Because perio
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Table 34.16 Summary of disorders in
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References ALLAN HACKSHAW 615 Allar
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Johnsen, R., Forde, O. H., Straume,
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Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Spei
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Part 10 Genetics, nicotine addictio
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Chapter 35 Genes, nicotine addictio
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Cotinine (ng/ml) 750 500 250 OXCHEC
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. 627 of those
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. risk associat
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Table 35.2 (continued) Gene map Chr
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. pre-clinical
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Steps to carcinogenesis Exposure to
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DNA repair As previously alluded to
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. Lichtenstein,
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Part 11 Tobacco and alcohol
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Introduction Chapter 36 Tobacco and
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Table 36.1 Comparison of alcohol an
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Although gene therapy has rarely be
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20+ TABAC 5.1 10-19 0-9 3.4 12.3 0-
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Heavy drinking is known to cause ga
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Treatment issues and co-dependence
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ALBERT B. LOWENFELS AND PATRICK MAI
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Part 12 Tobacco control: Successes
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Introduction Chapter 37 Global toba
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NIGEL GRAY (sometimes at state leve
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NIGEL GRAY The first attempt to red
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per litre of smoke. Reduction of th
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Borland, R., Cappiello, M. and Owen
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Chapter 38 Lessons in tobacco contr
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entangling relationships with negot
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successful country advocates deeply
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Thus, when the opportunity arose, t
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Chapter 39 A brief history of legis
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Committee, mentioned above, little
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4. Tobacco and its related processi
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RUTH ROEMER 683 advertising and adv
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or shows, and distribution of free
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RUTH ROEMER 687 threat to the peopl
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RUTH ROEMER 689 The case was settle
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Another study by Harvard researcher
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At the end of 2003, 83 countries ha
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Chapter 40 Roles of tobacco litigat
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NGOs obtained sanctions against tob
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 699 In a 1980s c
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 701 Fourth, the
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even impossible. Such a statute pre
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 705 Daynard, R.
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Introduction Chapter 41 Impact of s
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in this chapter, is evidence that s
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 711 Wh
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 713 On
Page 748 and 749:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 715 ro
Page 750 and 751:
you are subject, but this does not
Page 752 and 753:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 719 to
Page 754 and 755:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 721 fo
Page 756 and 757:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 723 (E
Page 758 and 759:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 725 th
Page 760 and 761:
advanced. Although in countries lik
Page 762 and 763:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 729 Da
Page 764 and 765:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 731 Pr
Page 766 and 767:
Introduction Chapter 42 Effective i
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 735 India (Gupta
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Average price or tax per pack (US$)
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 739 Bans on adve
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 741 Table 42.2 T
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 743 antismugglin
Page 778 and 779:
Farrelly, M. C., Pechacek, T. F., a
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 747 Raw, M., Mc
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Part 13 Treatment of dependence
Page 784 and 785:
Introduction Chapter 43 Treatment o
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Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine
Page 788 and 789:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 755 tob
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Fifteen different products were ide
Page 792 and 793:
In summary, tobacco dependence amon
Page 794 and 795:
medications for OTC sale in 1996, t
Page 796 and 797:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 763 US
Page 798 and 799:
Chapter 44 Regulation of the cigare
Page 800 and 801:
as these correlate quite well with
Page 802 and 803:
NIGEL GRAY 769 within three major g
Page 804 and 805:
of carcinogens and toxins in its wa
Page 806 and 807:
Index abdominal aortic aneurysm see
Page 808 and 809:
aromatic amines 58, 60, 98 DNA addu
Page 810 and 811:
central and eastern Europe (CEE) (C
Page 812 and 813:
coronary thrombosis 5 see also myoc
Page 814 and 815:
epinephrine 169 epoxide hydrolase g
Page 816 and 817:
health professionals advice on smok
Page 818 and 819:
laryngeal cancer (Continued) animal
Page 820 and 821:
Morris, Philip 207 see also Philip
Page 822 and 823:
nursing home residents 718 nutritio
Page 824 and 825:
Polish Central Statistical Office (
Page 826 and 827:
smoke, tobacco (including cigarette
Page 828 and 829:
Sweden female smoking rates 330-1 l
Page 830 and 831:
United Nations agencies 680-1 Unite
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Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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