Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5 (4.4–9.5) RR = 1.8 (95% The joint effect of high
(1997), Sweden pharynx, for current vs. never CI 0.9–3.7) for alcohol intake (≥0 grams per
(605/756) and larynx ex-users vs. never day) and current smoking was
nearly multiplicative
Schwartz et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.5 (95% OR = 1.0 (95% Very few subjects used
(1998), US and CI 1.5–4.3) for past CI 0.4–2.3) for smokeless tobacco in this
(284/477) pharynx smoking of ≥20 smokeless tobacco study
pack-years; OR = 5.5 use in men
(95% CI 3.5–8.6)
for current smoking
of ≥20 pack-years
Schildt et al. Oral cavity OR = 1.8 (95% Pipe: OR = 2.0 Oral snuff: A potential interaction
(1998), Sweden CI 1.1–2.7) for (95% CI 1.1–3.4) OR = 1.5 (0.8–2.9) between smoking and
(410/410) current vs. never for current vs. never for ex-users vs. alcohol drinking
never
Hayes et al. Oral cavity OR = 3.9 (95% Cigarette smoking included
(1999), Puerto and CI 2.1–7.1) for ever vs. cigar or pipe smoking. Joint
Rico (342/521) pharynx never in men; OR = 4.9 exposure to alcohol and
(95% CI 2.0–11.6) tobacco resulted in risks
for ever vs. never in consistent with independent
women effects on a multiplicative
scale