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Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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200<br />

NICOTINE DOSING CHARACTERISTICS ACROSS TOBACCO PRODUCTS<br />

own br<strong>and</strong>s, low-nitrosamine cigarettes produced similar withdrawal suppression <strong>and</strong><br />

heart rate increase <strong>and</strong> higher plasma nicotine concentrations (Brel<strong>and</strong> et al. 2002b).<br />

These three studies represent the limited state of the non-tobacco industry funded<br />

published literature in that they are far too small to develop conclusions regarding the<br />

products tested.<br />

References<br />

Adams, J. D., O’Mara-Adams, K. J., <strong>and</strong> Hoffmann, D. (1987). Toxic <strong>and</strong> carcinogenic agents in<br />

undiluted mainstream smoke <strong>and</strong> sidestream smoke of different types of cigarettes.<br />

Carcinogenesis, 8, 729–31.<br />

Baker, R. R. (2002). The development <strong>and</strong> significance of st<strong>and</strong>ards for smoking-machine methodology.<br />

Beitr. Tabakforsch., Intl., 20, 23–41.<br />

Benowitz, N. L. (1998a). Nicotine pharmacology <strong>and</strong> addiction. In: Nicotine safety <strong>and</strong> toxicology<br />

(ed. N. L. Benowitz), pp. 3–16. Oxford University Press.<br />

Benowitz, N. L. (1998b). Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: pharmacokinetic <strong>and</strong> pharmacodynamic<br />

considerations. In: Nicotine safety <strong>and</strong> toxicology (ed. N. L. Benowitz), pp. 19–28. Oxford<br />

University Press.<br />

Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P. J., III, <strong>and</strong> Slade, J. (1997). Nicotine content of the Eclipse nicotine delivery<br />

device. Am.J.Publ. <strong>Health</strong>, 87, 1865–6.<br />

Benowitz, N. (1999). Nicotine addiction. Primary Care, 26, 611–31.<br />

Borgerding, M. F., Bodnar, J. A., Chung, H. L., Mangan, P. P., Morrison, C. C., Risner, C. H., et al. (1997).<br />

Chemical <strong>and</strong> biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part I. Chemical<br />

composition of mainstream smoke. Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 36, 169–82.<br />

Borgerding, M. F., Bodnar, J. A., <strong>and</strong> Wingate, D. E. (2000). The 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark<br />

Study—Final Report (2000). A research study conducted after consultation with the<br />

Massachusetts Department of <strong>Health</strong>.<br />

Bradford, J. A., Harlan, W. R., <strong>and</strong> Hanmer, H. R. (1936). Nature of cigarette smoke. Technic of<br />

experimental smoking. Ind. Engi. Chem., 28, 836–9.<br />

Brel<strong>and</strong>, A. B., Buchhalter, A. R., Evans, S. E., <strong>and</strong> Eissenberg, T. (2002a). Evaluating acute effects of<br />

potential reduced-exposure products for smokers: Clinical laboratory methodology. Nicotine &<br />

<strong>Tobacco</strong> Research, S131–S140<br />

Brel<strong>and</strong>, A. B., Evans, S. E., Buchhalter, A. R., <strong>and</strong> Eissenberg, T. (2002b). Accute effects of<br />

AdvanceTM :A potential reduced exposure product for smokers. Tob Contr. 11, 376–8.<br />

Brel<strong>and</strong>, A. B., Acosta, M. C., <strong>and</strong> Eissenberg, T. (2003). <strong>Tobacco</strong>-specific nitrosamines <strong>and</strong> potential<br />

reduced exposure products for smokers: Preliminary evaluation of AdvanceTM (Submitted for<br />

publication).<br />

Brunnemann, K. D., Hoffmann, D., Garioala, C. G., <strong>and</strong> Lee, B. C. (1994). Low ignition propensity<br />

cigarettes: Smoke analysis for carcinogens <strong>and</strong> testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke<br />

particulate matter. Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 32, 917–22.<br />

Brunnemann, K. D., Mitacek, E. J., Liu, Y., Limsila, T., <strong>and</strong> Suttaajit, M. (1996). Assessment of major<br />

carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Thai cigarettes. Cancer Detection & Prevention,<br />

20, 114–21.<br />

Burns, D. M. <strong>and</strong> Benowitz, N. L. (2001). <strong>Public</strong> health implication of changes in cigarette design <strong>and</strong><br />

marketing. In: Smoking <strong>and</strong> tobacco control monograph no. 13: Risks associated with smoking cigarettes<br />

with low machine-measured yields of tar <strong>and</strong> nicotine.U.S. Department of <strong>Health</strong> <strong>and</strong> Human<br />

Services. <strong>Public</strong> <strong>Health</strong> Service. National Institutes of <strong>Health</strong>, National Cancer Institute, pp. 1–12.

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