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Andersson et al. 1996 Sweden 256 cases Current-smokers: OR = 1.8. No dose–response trend 252 population controls Ilic et al. 1996 Serbia, Yugoslavia 101 cases No significant difference in smoking habits or in the number 202 hospital controls or type of smoking Pawlega et al. 1996 Poland 76 cases No association 152 controls Key et al. 1997 UK 328 cases No significant association. Current smokers: 328 population controls OR = 1.1; former-smokers: OR = 1.1 Lumey et al. 1997 US 1097 cases No association. Current smokers: OR = 0.9; ex-smokers: 3250 hospital controls OR = 0.9; No dose–response trend Rohan et al. 1997 Canada 408 cases Direct association. Current-smokers: 407 population controls OR = 1.4; ex-smokers: OR = 1.7 Sung et al. 1999 Taiwan 90 cases 46% and 40% of smokers in cases and controls, 180 hospital controls respectively. Ever-smokers: OR = 1.3 Villeneuve et al. 1999 Canada 1623 cases Nonsignificant inverse association 1623 population controls Giles et al. 2001 Australia 1476 cases No association. a Ever-smoker: OR = 1.0; ex-smoker: 1409 population controls OR = 1.0; current smoker: OR = 0.8 a Never smokers as reference category; RR, relative risk; OR, odds ratio.
360 CANCER OF THE PROSTATE Mills and Beeson 1992; Doll et al. 1994; Hiatt et al. 1994; McLaughlin et al. 1995; Adami et al. 1996; Coughlin et al. 1996; Cerhan et al. 1997; Rodriguez et al. 1997; Giovannucci et al. 1999; Parker et al. 1999; Lotufo et al. 2000; Lund Nilsen et al. 2000; Putnam et al. 2000), four (Kahn 1966; Rogot and Murray 1980; Hsing et al. 1990, 1991; Hiatt et al. 1994; McLaughlin et al. 1995; Rodriguez et al. 1997) showed some positive relation with cigarette smoking (Table 20.2). Hsing et al. (1991) and McLaughlin et al. (1995) in the US Veterans Cohort Study found a significantly elevated relative risk among cigarette smokers (RR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09–1.28), particularly among heavy smokers (OR = 1.51 in smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day compared with nonsmokers). Hsing et al. (1990) in a report on a Lutheran Brotherhood cohort study reported significantly elevated relative risk among persons who smoked any type of tobacco (RR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9), as well as among users of smokeless tobacco (RR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1–4.1). No clear dose–response relation was however found. Likewise, the data of the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPSII; Rodriguez et al. 1997) showed an elevated risk (RR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16–1.56) of fatal prostate cancer in cigarette smokers, with a stronger association below age 60, but no trend in risk with number of cigarettes smoked nor duration of smoking. The conclusion was that smoking may adversely affect survival in prostatic cancer patients (Rodriguez et al. 1997). Positive results came from the U.S. Kaiser Permanente Study (Hiatt et al. 1994) based on 238 cases. Another prospective study from Norway (Lund Nilsen et al.2000) found a weak positive association with number of cigarettes smoked, and a cohort study of Iowa men (Parker et al. 1999; Putnam et al. 2000), including only about 100 prostate cancer cases, showed a nonsignificant association with number of cigarettes. Likewise, the MRFIT (Coughlin et al. 1996) cohort showed a significant excess risk for smokers versus nonsmokers, in the absence of any dose–risk relation (i.e. RR was 1.5 for smokers of 45 cigarettes/day). In contrast, no association between smoking and prostate cancer was evident from the British Physicians (Doll et al. 1994), the U.S. Health Professionals’ (Giovannucci et al. 1999) and the Physicians’ Health Study (Lotufo et al. 2000). This pattern of risk would suggest that the relation between smoking and prostate cancer diagnosis or death may not be causal, but attributable to other socioeconomic or lifestyle correlates of smoking (IARC 1986; Dai et al. 1988; Nomura and Kolonel 1991; La Vecchia et al. 1992; Boyle et al. 1997), which are likely to be less relevant in studies conducted in health conscious populations like doctors or health professionals. A major problem of cohort studies, in fact, is often the limited number of covariates available in order to allow for potential confounding. The report by Giles et al. (2001), based on a uniquely large case–control study, provides further evidence on an absence of excess risk of prostate cancer among current or former smokers, including those who smoked the highest number of cigarettes for the longest period of time. There is also a lack of material influence of smoking on prostate
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Preface Tobacco: The public health
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PREFACE vii The cigarette companies
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dramatically. Once more, I am not s
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it impairs quality of life for year
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documents and through litigation by
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PREFACE xv it will not succeed. Now
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Stratton, K., Shetty, P., Wallace,
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Contents Preface v C. Everett Koop
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27 Tobacco and pancreas cancer 479
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Contributors Amanda Amos Reader in
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Stephen S. Hecht University of Minn
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Cecily S. Ray Project Assistant Epi
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Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic
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Introduction The publication of thi
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Part 1 Tobacco: History
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Introduction Chapter 1 Evolution of
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RICHARD DOLL 5 However, little atte
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RICHARD DOLL 7 lung’ (Doll and Hi
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Table 1.1 Principal diseases caused
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Table 1.4 Manufactured cigarette co
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in 1995 was approaching the maximum
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References Adler, I. (1912). Primar
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Introduction Chapter 2 The great st
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MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 19
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it seems likely that some of this v
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steady increase in lung cancer occu
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cigarette smoking in deaths from co
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the effects of smoking and smoking
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Lung cancer death rate (per 100,000
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Lickint, F. (1929). Zeitschrift fur
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Chapter 3 Dealing with health fears
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LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI AND RICHARD J. O
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Table 3.3 Selected cigarette advert
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Part 2 Tobacco: Composition
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Introduction Chapter 4 The changing
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ILSE HOFFMANN AND DIETRICH HOFFMANN
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Table 4.4 (continued) Carcinogens i
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Table 4.5 Standard conditions for m
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Table 4.7 Comparison of experimenta
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the lung in rats treated with NNK (
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serve as the scientific basis in su
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Senkus, M. (ed.) (1976). Leaf compo
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Introduction Chapter 5 Tobacco smok
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 95 Established pul
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 97 magnitude lower
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 99 generally great
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Table 5.1 1-Hydroxypyrene in the ur
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Table 5.2 NNAL and its glucuronides
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 105 Table 5.2 (con
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Table 5.3 Representative DNA adduct
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G No (Wang et al. 2001a) N 2 CHCH 2
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 111 N-Nitrosopyrro
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(Kozack et al. 2000; Seo et al. 200
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the DNA adducts resulting from toba
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Culp, S. J., Gaylor, D. W., Sheldon
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 119 International
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 121 Melchior, W. B
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 123 Rivenso, A., H
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Wang, M., McIntee, E. J., Cheng, G.
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Part 3 Nicotine and addiction
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Chapter 6 Pharmacology of nicotine
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JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND NEAL L. BE
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Pickworth et al. 1995; Shiffman et
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American Caucasians and Hispanics (
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(US DHHS 2001). At doses delivered
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References JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND
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Introduction Chapter 7 Behavioral p
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 151 How
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(Fischman and Foltin 1991). Another
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following repeated, infrequent and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 157 oth
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 159 cli
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to tobacco product ingredients and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 163 Gom
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 165 Ris
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Introduction Chapter 8 Cigarette sc
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JEFF FOWLES AND DENNIS SHUSTERMAN 1
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◆ The pressure drop of the filter
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Nitrosamines Nitrosamines are biolo
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Physical design features of cigaret
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Introduction Chapter 9 Nicotine dos
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world tobacco burden (World Health
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Table 9.2 The ranges of nicotine, n
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 187 turing a
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Poland 19 1.4 n.a. n.a. 68−347 36
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191 cigarette
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 193 Table 9.5
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 195 MS wherea
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 197 In recent
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 199 Table 9.8
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 201 Burns, D.
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International Agency for Research o
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Part 4 Tobacco use: Prevalence, tre
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Chapter 10 Tobacco in Great Britain
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Adult smoking PATTI WHITE 209 Since
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oys who were regular smokers report
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PATTI WHITE 213 cancer, and bringin
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Introduction Chapter 11 The epidemi
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since the late 1980s. In 2001, Phil
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YANG HONGHUAN 219 ◆ Among males,
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Table 11.1 Smoking among adolescent
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(57%) was higher than in males (45%
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20 cigarettes a day had double the
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Chapter 12 Patterns of smoking in R
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DAVID ZARIDZE 229 Ignatova et al. (
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DAVID ZARIDZE 231 Tyumen, respectiv
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References DAVID ZARIDZE 233 Alexee
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Chapter 13 Tobacco smoking in centr
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 237 The developmen
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especially post-Soviet countries, w
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No. of Cigarettes 3000 2500 2000 15
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 243 young men and
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DEATHS / 100,000 DEATHS / 100,000 7
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 247 According to d
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Unfortunately, available data on th
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Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Gdulewicz,
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Chapter 14 The epidemic in India Pr
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aniseed, and musk, also available a
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Prevalence among youth PRAKASH C. G
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treatment and premature death were
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Although tobacco control legislatio
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Chapter 15 Tobacco in Africa: More
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In assessing tobacco use in Africa
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 271 plug the gap th
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Table 15.2 Cigarette taxes as perce
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 275 In recent years
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World Bank (2001). Economics of Tob
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Part 5 Tobacco and health. Global b
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Chapter 16 The future worldwide hea
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RICHARD PETO AND ALAN D LOPEZ 283 a
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UK male death rate at ages 35-69 ha
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Overview Chapter 17 Passive smoking
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evidence have proved to be effectiv
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 291 a thousand de
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Table 17.2 Occupational ETS exposur
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Table 17.3 Nicotine concentrations
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portable piezobalance to sample aer
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 299 Fetal effects
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 301 Investigation
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Table 17.4 Summary of pooled random
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 305 also reported
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and involuntary exposure to tobacco
Page 342 and 343: Glantz, S. A. and Parmley, W. W. (1
Page 344 and 345: JONATHAN M. SAMET 311 O’Connor, G
Page 346 and 347: JONATHAN M. SAMET 313 US Department
Page 348 and 349: Introduction Chapter 18 Adolescent
Page 350 and 351: JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 317 would be
Page 352 and 353: JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 319 Indeed, t
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Page 356 and 357: subsequent consumption. Most studie
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Page 362 and 363: The epidemic Chapter 19 Tobacco and
Page 364 and 365: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 331 w
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Page 368 and 369: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 335 w
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Page 378 and 379: such as Jewel and Madonna, who woul
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Page 382 and 383: particularly in developing countrie
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Page 386 and 387: Part 6 Tobacco and cancer
Page 388 and 389: Chapter 20 Cancer of the prostate F
Page 390 and 391: Table 20.1 Summary of results of ca
Page 394 and 395: Table 20.2 Summary of results of co
Page 396 and 397: cancer in younger or elderly men, w
Page 398 and 399: FABIO LEVI AND CARLO LA VECCHIA 365
Page 400 and 401: Summary Chapter 21 Laryngeal cancer
Page 402 and 403: 12-year follow-up of the American C
Page 404 and 405: Hedberg et al. USA, 235, 81% P, 547
Page 406 and 407: cigarettes as compared to blond-tob
Page 408 and 409: of 3.78 and 11.47. An interpretatio
Page 410 and 411: Effect on survival In two studies f
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Page 414 and 415: USDHEW (1964). Laryngeal cancer. In
Page 416 and 417: Chapter 22 Smoking and cancer of th
Page 418 and 419: Table 22.1 Results from selected ca
Page 420 and 421: Asia Gao et al. 1994— Population
Page 422 and 423: EVA NEGRI 389 Ille-et-Vilaine, Fran
Page 424 and 425: Odds Ratio 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.30 2
Page 426 and 427: Garidou et al. 1996— Hospital ≤
Page 428 and 429: De Stefani, E., Barrios, E., and Fi
Page 430 and 431: Wynder, E. L. and Bross, I. J. (196
Page 432 and 433: Introduction Chapter 23 Tobacco use
Page 434 and 435: Table 23.1 Tobacco use and risk of
Page 436 and 437: Franceschi et al. Oral cavity, Oral
Page 438 and 439: Muscat et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.1
Page 440 and 441: Population-based case-control studi
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Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 411 the cont
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 413 For smok
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 415 per day
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 417 than tha
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 419 For exam
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 421 decline
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Studies in India: Oral cancer is th
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carcinoma compared with other combi
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studies have demonstrated a positiv
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 429 Garrote,
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 431 Notani,
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Chapter 24 Smoking and stomach canc
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DAVID ZARIDZE 435 such as sex, age,
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DAVID ZARIDZE 437 (Kato et al. 1990
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DAVID ZARIDZE 439 respectively. The
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Gajalakshmi, C. K. and Shanta, V. (
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Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.
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Introduction Chapter 25 Cigarette s
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attenuated in every study after con
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 449 with a gener
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(Baron et al. 1994) of 352 colon ca
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(U.S. Dept. of Health Education and
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References EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 455 A
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 457 Kono, S., Ik
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Chapter 26 Smoking and cervical neo
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Tokuhata 1967* Williams 1977* Wigle
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Clarke 1985* Hellberg 1986* La Vecc
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ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 465
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case-control study nested in a scre
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five-fold risk of cervical cancer f
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(typically around two-fold), but be
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Introduction Chapter 27 Tobacco and
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Cigar, pipe, and chewing tobacco Wh
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Conclusion Overall, tobacco smoking
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Summary Chapter 28 Smoking and lung
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GRAHAM G. GILES AND PETER BOYLE 487
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quit for 20 years or more (Rogot an
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cancer and others where there is st
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Peto, R. (1986) Influence of dose a
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Chapter 29 Tobacco smoking and canc
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He further noted that case-control
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coefficients from the data in Table
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DIMITRIOS TRICHOPOULOS AND ARETI LA
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Epidemiology Chapter 30 Smoking and
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CRYSTAL N. HOLICK AND HARVEY A. RIS
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and at least the enteric variety of
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Chapter 31 Endometrial cancer Paul
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Table 31.1 Epidemiological studies
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studies (Terry et al. 1999, 2002a),
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Newcomer Population 740/2372 40-79
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 531 levels, an
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Relative body weight Obesity is an
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Key et al. 1991 147 pre- and postme
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lood levels among current smokers,
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Table 31.7 Studies of cigarette smo
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of the association between cigarett
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Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., and R
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 545 Weiderpass
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Part 7 Tobacco and heart disease
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citations of some of the best-known
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 553 because the dat
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 555 Fig. 32.2 Trend
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Table 32.3 Case-control studies of
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Table 32.5 Cohort studies of active
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Table 32.6 Effect of exclusion of p
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eadily addressed by cohort studies
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Specificity The entries in Table 32
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Table 32.8 Application of Bradford
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 569 arterial CVD re
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elationship goes beyond statistical
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Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Su
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National Health and Medical Researc
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Part 8 Tobacco and respiratory dise
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Introduction Chapter 33 Chronic obs
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Many of the constituents in both th
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DAVID M. BURNS rate of growth in lu
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Death rates from COPD in smokers an
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Fraction of Excess Risk 1.20 1.00 0
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DAVID M. BURNS Higgins, M. W., Enri
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Part 9 Tobacco and other diseases
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Introduction Chapter 34 Smoking and
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 595 several mechanis
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Table 34.4 Studies that reported re
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Table 34.5 Cohort studies that repo
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than non-smokers; they have about h
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Table 34.8 Cohort studies that repo
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esults from cohort studies. There i
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 607 (DiFranza and Le
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Table 34.12 Cohort studies that rep
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Caries and tooth loss Because perio
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Table 34.16 Summary of disorders in
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References ALLAN HACKSHAW 615 Allar
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Johnsen, R., Forde, O. H., Straume,
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Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Spei
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Part 10 Genetics, nicotine addictio
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Chapter 35 Genes, nicotine addictio
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Cotinine (ng/ml) 750 500 250 OXCHEC
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. 627 of those
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. risk associat
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Table 35.2 (continued) Gene map Chr
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. pre-clinical
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Steps to carcinogenesis Exposure to
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DNA repair As previously alluded to
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. Lichtenstein,
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Part 11 Tobacco and alcohol
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Table 36.1 Comparison of alcohol an
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Although gene therapy has rarely be
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20+ TABAC 5.1 10-19 0-9 3.4 12.3 0-
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Heavy drinking is known to cause ga
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Treatment issues and co-dependence
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ALBERT B. LOWENFELS AND PATRICK MAI
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Part 12 Tobacco control: Successes
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Introduction Chapter 37 Global toba
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NIGEL GRAY (sometimes at state leve
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NIGEL GRAY The first attempt to red
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per litre of smoke. Reduction of th
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Borland, R., Cappiello, M. and Owen
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Chapter 38 Lessons in tobacco contr
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entangling relationships with negot
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successful country advocates deeply
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Thus, when the opportunity arose, t
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Chapter 39 A brief history of legis
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Committee, mentioned above, little
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4. Tobacco and its related processi
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RUTH ROEMER 683 advertising and adv
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or shows, and distribution of free
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RUTH ROEMER 687 threat to the peopl
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RUTH ROEMER 689 The case was settle
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Another study by Harvard researcher
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At the end of 2003, 83 countries ha
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Chapter 40 Roles of tobacco litigat
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NGOs obtained sanctions against tob
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 699 In a 1980s c
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 701 Fourth, the
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even impossible. Such a statute pre
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 705 Daynard, R.
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Introduction Chapter 41 Impact of s
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in this chapter, is evidence that s
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 711 Wh
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 713 On
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 715 ro
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you are subject, but this does not
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 719 to
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 721 fo
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 723 (E
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 725 th
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advanced. Although in countries lik
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 729 Da
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 731 Pr
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Introduction Chapter 42 Effective i
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 735 India (Gupta
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Average price or tax per pack (US$)
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 739 Bans on adve
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 741 Table 42.2 T
Page 776 and 777:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 743 antismugglin
Page 778 and 779:
Farrelly, M. C., Pechacek, T. F., a
Page 780 and 781:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 747 Raw, M., Mc
Page 782 and 783:
Part 13 Treatment of dependence
Page 784 and 785:
Introduction Chapter 43 Treatment o
Page 786 and 787:
Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine
Page 788 and 789:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 755 tob
Page 790 and 791:
Fifteen different products were ide
Page 792 and 793:
In summary, tobacco dependence amon
Page 794 and 795:
medications for OTC sale in 1996, t
Page 796 and 797:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 763 US
Page 798 and 799:
Chapter 44 Regulation of the cigare
Page 800 and 801:
as these correlate quite well with
Page 802 and 803:
NIGEL GRAY 769 within three major g
Page 804 and 805:
of carcinogens and toxins in its wa
Page 806 and 807:
Index abdominal aortic aneurysm see
Page 808 and 809:
aromatic amines 58, 60, 98 DNA addu
Page 810 and 811:
central and eastern Europe (CEE) (C
Page 812 and 813:
coronary thrombosis 5 see also myoc
Page 814 and 815:
epinephrine 169 epoxide hydrolase g
Page 816 and 817:
health professionals advice on smok
Page 818 and 819:
laryngeal cancer (Continued) animal
Page 820 and 821:
Morris, Philip 207 see also Philip
Page 822 and 823:
nursing home residents 718 nutritio
Page 824 and 825:
Polish Central Statistical Office (
Page 826 and 827:
smoke, tobacco (including cigarette
Page 828 and 829:
Sweden female smoking rates 330-1 l
Page 830 and 831:
United Nations agencies 680-1 Unite
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Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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