Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

58
THE CHANGING CIGARETTE: CHEMICAL STUDIES AND BIOASSAYS
Table 4.2 (continued) Major constituents of the particulate matter of the
mainstream smoke of nonfilter cigarettes
Compound a �g/cigarette b
Benzofurans (4) 200–300
Other O-heterocyclic compounds (42) na
Stigmasterol 40–70
Sitosterol 30–40
Campesterol 20–30
Cholesterol 10–20
Aniline 0.36
Toluidines 0.23
Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25
Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (6) 0.34–2.7
Glycerol 120
a Numbers in parentheses represent individual compounds identified.
b For details, see Table 4.4.
c Estimate.
na, Not available.
Table 4.3 Major toxic agents in cigarette smoke a (from Hoffmann et al. 1998)
Agent Concentration/ Toxicity
nonfilter cigarette
Carbon monoxide 10–23 mg Binds to hemoglobin, inhibits respiration
Ammonia 10–130 µg Irritation of respiratory tract
Nitrogen oxide (NO x ) 100–600 µg Inflammation of the lung
Hydrogen cyanide 400–500 µg Highly ciliatoxic, inhibits lung clearance
Hydrogen sulfide 10–90 µg Irritation of respiratory tract
Acrolein 60–140 µg Ciliatoxic, inhibits lung clearance
Methanol 100–250 µg Toxic upon inhalation and ingestion
Pyridine 16–40 µg Irritates respiratory tract
Nicotine b 1.0–3.0 mg Induces dependence, affects cardiovascular
and endocrine systems
Phenol 80–160 µg Tumor promoter in laboratory animals
Catechol 200–400 µg Cocarcinogen in laboratory animals
Aniline 360–655 µg Forms methemoglobin, and this affects respiration
Maleic hydrazide 1.16 µg Mutagenic agent
a This is an incomplete list.
b Toxicity: oral/rat, LD50 free nicotine 50 mg/kg, nicotine bitartrate 65 mg/kg.