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Tobacco and Public Health: Science and Policy Edited by Peter Boyle Director Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology Milan, Italy Nigel Gray Senior Research Associate Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology Milan, Italy Jack Henningfield Associate Professor of Behavioural Biology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland, USA John Seffrin Chief Executive Officer American Cancer Society Atlanta, USA Witold Zatonski Director Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention The Marie-Sklodowska Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology Warsaw, Poland 1
1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press, 2004 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ISBN 0 19 852687 3 Typeset by Cepha Imaging Pvt Ltd., Bangalore, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn
Page 2 and 3: Tobacco and Public Health: Science
Page 6 and 7: Preface Tobacco: The public health
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE vii The cigarette companies
Page 10 and 11: dramatically. Once more, I am not s
Page 12 and 13: it impairs quality of life for year
Page 14 and 15: documents and through litigation by
Page 16 and 17: PREFACE xv it will not succeed. Now
Page 18 and 19: Stratton, K., Shetty, P., Wallace,
Page 20 and 21: Contents Preface v C. Everett Koop
Page 22 and 23: 27 Tobacco and pancreas cancer 479
Page 24 and 25: Contributors Amanda Amos Reader in
Page 26 and 27: Stephen S. Hecht University of Minn
Page 28 and 29: Cecily S. Ray Project Assistant Epi
Page 30 and 31: Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic
Page 32 and 33: Introduction The publication of thi
Page 34 and 35: Part 1 Tobacco: History
Page 36 and 37: Introduction Chapter 1 Evolution of
Page 38 and 39: RICHARD DOLL 5 However, little atte
Page 40 and 41: RICHARD DOLL 7 lung’ (Doll and Hi
Page 42 and 43: Table 1.1 Principal diseases caused
Page 44 and 45: Table 1.4 Manufactured cigarette co
Page 46 and 47: in 1995 was approaching the maximum
Page 48 and 49: References Adler, I. (1912). Primar
Page 50 and 51: Introduction Chapter 2 The great st
Page 52 and 53: MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 19
Page 54 and 55:
it seems likely that some of this v
Page 56 and 57:
steady increase in lung cancer occu
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cigarette smoking in deaths from co
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the effects of smoking and smoking
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MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 29
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Lung cancer death rate (per 100,000
Page 66 and 67:
MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 33
Page 68 and 69:
Lickint, F. (1929). Zeitschrift fur
Page 70 and 71:
Chapter 3 Dealing with health fears
Page 72 and 73:
LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI AND RICHARD J. O
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
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Table 3.3 Selected cigarette advert
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Page 82 and 83:
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Part 2 Tobacco: Composition
Page 86 and 87:
Introduction Chapter 4 The changing
Page 88 and 89:
ILSE HOFFMANN AND DIETRICH HOFFMANN
Page 90 and 91:
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Table 4.4 (continued) Carcinogens i
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Table 4.5 Standard conditions for m
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Table 4.7 Comparison of experimenta
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the lung in rats treated with NNK (
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serve as the scientific basis in su
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Senkus, M. (ed.) (1976). Leaf compo
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Introduction Chapter 5 Tobacco smok
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 95 Established pul
Page 130 and 131:
STEPHEN S. HECHT 97 magnitude lower
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 99 generally great
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Table 5.1 1-Hydroxypyrene in the ur
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Table 5.2 NNAL and its glucuronides
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 105 Table 5.2 (con
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Table 5.3 Representative DNA adduct
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G No (Wang et al. 2001a) N 2 CHCH 2
Page 144 and 145:
STEPHEN S. HECHT 111 N-Nitrosopyrro
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(Kozack et al. 2000; Seo et al. 200
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the DNA adducts resulting from toba
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Culp, S. J., Gaylor, D. W., Sheldon
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 119 International
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 121 Melchior, W. B
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 123 Rivenso, A., H
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Wang, M., McIntee, E. J., Cheng, G.
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Part 3 Nicotine and addiction
Page 162 and 163:
Chapter 6 Pharmacology of nicotine
Page 164 and 165:
JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND NEAL L. BE
Page 166 and 167:
Pickworth et al. 1995; Shiffman et
Page 168 and 169:
American Caucasians and Hispanics (
Page 170 and 171:
(US DHHS 2001). At doses delivered
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
References JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Introduction Chapter 7 Behavioral p
Page 184 and 185:
BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 151 How
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(Fischman and Foltin 1991). Another
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following repeated, infrequent and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 157 oth
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 159 cli
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to tobacco product ingredients and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 163 Gom
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 165 Ris
Page 200 and 201:
Introduction Chapter 8 Cigarette sc
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JEFF FOWLES AND DENNIS SHUSTERMAN 1
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◆ The pressure drop of the filter
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Nitrosamines Nitrosamines are biolo
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Physical design features of cigaret
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Introduction Chapter 9 Nicotine dos
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world tobacco burden (World Health
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Table 9.2 The ranges of nicotine, n
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 187 turing a
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Poland 19 1.4 n.a. n.a. 68−347 36
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191 cigarette
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 193 Table 9.5
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 195 MS wherea
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 197 In recent
Page 232 and 233:
MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 199 Table 9.8
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 201 Burns, D.
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International Agency for Research o
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Part 4 Tobacco use: Prevalence, tre
Page 240 and 241:
Chapter 10 Tobacco in Great Britain
Page 242 and 243:
Adult smoking PATTI WHITE 209 Since
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oys who were regular smokers report
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PATTI WHITE 213 cancer, and bringin
Page 248 and 249:
Introduction Chapter 11 The epidemi
Page 250 and 251:
since the late 1980s. In 2001, Phil
Page 252 and 253:
YANG HONGHUAN 219 ◆ Among males,
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Table 11.1 Smoking among adolescent
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(57%) was higher than in males (45%
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20 cigarettes a day had double the
Page 260 and 261:
Chapter 12 Patterns of smoking in R
Page 262 and 263:
DAVID ZARIDZE 229 Ignatova et al. (
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DAVID ZARIDZE 231 Tyumen, respectiv
Page 266 and 267:
References DAVID ZARIDZE 233 Alexee
Page 268 and 269:
Chapter 13 Tobacco smoking in centr
Page 270 and 271:
WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 237 The developmen
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especially post-Soviet countries, w
Page 274 and 275:
No. of Cigarettes 3000 2500 2000 15
Page 276 and 277:
WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 243 young men and
Page 278 and 279:
DEATHS / 100,000 DEATHS / 100,000 7
Page 280 and 281:
WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 247 According to d
Page 282 and 283:
Unfortunately, available data on th
Page 284 and 285:
Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Gdulewicz,
Page 286 and 287:
Chapter 14 The epidemic in India Pr
Page 288 and 289:
aniseed, and musk, also available a
Page 290 and 291:
PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
Page 292 and 293:
Prevalence among youth PRAKASH C. G
Page 294 and 295:
treatment and premature death were
Page 296 and 297:
Although tobacco control legislatio
Page 298 and 299:
PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
Page 300 and 301:
Chapter 15 Tobacco in Africa: More
Page 302 and 303:
In assessing tobacco use in Africa
Page 304 and 305:
YUSSUF SALOOJEE 271 plug the gap th
Page 306 and 307:
Table 15.2 Cigarette taxes as perce
Page 308 and 309:
YUSSUF SALOOJEE 275 In recent years
Page 310 and 311:
World Bank (2001). Economics of Tob
Page 312 and 313:
Part 5 Tobacco and health. Global b
Page 314 and 315:
Chapter 16 The future worldwide hea
Page 316 and 317:
RICHARD PETO AND ALAN D LOPEZ 283 a
Page 318 and 319:
UK male death rate at ages 35-69 ha
Page 320 and 321:
Overview Chapter 17 Passive smoking
Page 322 and 323:
evidence have proved to be effectiv
Page 324 and 325:
JONATHAN M. SAMET 291 a thousand de
Page 326 and 327:
Table 17.2 Occupational ETS exposur
Page 328 and 329:
Table 17.3 Nicotine concentrations
Page 330 and 331:
portable piezobalance to sample aer
Page 332 and 333:
JONATHAN M. SAMET 299 Fetal effects
Page 334 and 335:
JONATHAN M. SAMET 301 Investigation
Page 336 and 337:
Table 17.4 Summary of pooled random
Page 338 and 339:
JONATHAN M. SAMET 305 also reported
Page 340 and 341:
and involuntary exposure to tobacco
Page 342 and 343:
Glantz, S. A. and Parmley, W. W. (1
Page 344 and 345:
JONATHAN M. SAMET 311 O’Connor, G
Page 346 and 347:
JONATHAN M. SAMET 313 US Department
Page 348 and 349:
Introduction Chapter 18 Adolescent
Page 350 and 351:
JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 317 would be
Page 352 and 353:
JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 319 Indeed, t
Page 354 and 355:
JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 321 reached i
Page 356 and 357:
subsequent consumption. Most studie
Page 358 and 359:
Burns, D., Garfinkel, L., and Samet
Page 360 and 361:
JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 327 US Depart
Page 362 and 363:
The epidemic Chapter 19 Tobacco and
Page 364 and 365:
AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 331 w
Page 366 and 367:
AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 333 T
Page 368 and 369:
AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 335 w
Page 370 and 371:
AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 337 p
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 339 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 341 o
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 343 M
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such as Jewel and Madonna, who woul
Page 380 and 381:
AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 347 t
Page 382 and 383:
particularly in developing countrie
Page 384 and 385:
AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 351 L
Page 386 and 387:
Part 6 Tobacco and cancer
Page 388 and 389:
Chapter 20 Cancer of the prostate F
Page 390 and 391:
Table 20.1 Summary of results of ca
Page 392 and 393:
Andersson et al. 1996 Sweden 256 ca
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Table 20.2 Summary of results of co
Page 396 and 397:
cancer in younger or elderly men, w
Page 398 and 399:
FABIO LEVI AND CARLO LA VECCHIA 365
Page 400 and 401:
Summary Chapter 21 Laryngeal cancer
Page 402 and 403:
12-year follow-up of the American C
Page 404 and 405:
Hedberg et al. USA, 235, 81% P, 547
Page 406 and 407:
cigarettes as compared to blond-tob
Page 408 and 409:
of 3.78 and 11.47. An interpretatio
Page 410 and 411:
Effect on survival In two studies f
Page 412 and 413:
Cattaruzza, M. S., Maisonneuve, P.,
Page 414 and 415:
USDHEW (1964). Laryngeal cancer. In
Page 416 and 417:
Chapter 22 Smoking and cancer of th
Page 418 and 419:
Table 22.1 Results from selected ca
Page 420 and 421:
Asia Gao et al. 1994— Population
Page 422 and 423:
EVA NEGRI 389 Ille-et-Vilaine, Fran
Page 424 and 425:
Odds Ratio 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.30 2
Page 426 and 427:
Garidou et al. 1996— Hospital ≤
Page 428 and 429:
De Stefani, E., Barrios, E., and Fi
Page 430 and 431:
Wynder, E. L. and Bross, I. J. (196
Page 432 and 433:
Introduction Chapter 23 Tobacco use
Page 434 and 435:
Table 23.1 Tobacco use and risk of
Page 436 and 437:
Franceschi et al. Oral cavity, Oral
Page 438 and 439:
Muscat et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.1
Page 440 and 441:
Population-based case-control studi
Page 442 and 443:
Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5
Page 444 and 445:
TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 411 the cont
Page 446 and 447:
TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 413 For smok
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 415 per day
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 417 than tha
Page 452 and 453:
TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 419 For exam
Page 454 and 455:
TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 421 decline
Page 456 and 457:
Studies in India: Oral cancer is th
Page 458 and 459:
carcinoma compared with other combi
Page 460 and 461:
studies have demonstrated a positiv
Page 462 and 463:
TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 429 Garrote,
Page 464 and 465:
TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 431 Notani,
Page 466 and 467:
Chapter 24 Smoking and stomach canc
Page 468 and 469:
DAVID ZARIDZE 435 such as sex, age,
Page 470 and 471:
DAVID ZARIDZE 437 (Kato et al. 1990
Page 472 and 473:
DAVID ZARIDZE 439 respectively. The
Page 474 and 475:
Gajalakshmi, C. K. and Shanta, V. (
Page 476 and 477:
Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.
Page 478 and 479:
Introduction Chapter 25 Cigarette s
Page 480 and 481:
attenuated in every study after con
Page 482 and 483:
EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 449 with a gener
Page 484 and 485:
(Baron et al. 1994) of 352 colon ca
Page 486 and 487:
(U.S. Dept. of Health Education and
Page 488 and 489:
References EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 455 A
Page 490 and 491:
EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 457 Kono, S., Ik
Page 492 and 493:
Chapter 26 Smoking and cervical neo
Page 494 and 495:
Tokuhata 1967* Williams 1977* Wigle
Page 496 and 497:
Clarke 1985* Hellberg 1986* La Vecc
Page 498 and 499:
ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 465
Page 500 and 501:
case-control study nested in a scre
Page 502 and 503:
five-fold risk of cervical cancer f
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
(typically around two-fold), but be
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Introduction Chapter 27 Tobacco and
Page 514 and 515:
Cigar, pipe, and chewing tobacco Wh
Page 516 and 517:
Conclusion Overall, tobacco smoking
Page 518 and 519:
Summary Chapter 28 Smoking and lung
Page 520 and 521:
GRAHAM G. GILES AND PETER BOYLE 487
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
quit for 20 years or more (Rogot an
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
cancer and others where there is st
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Peto, R. (1986) Influence of dose a
Page 536 and 537:
Chapter 29 Tobacco smoking and canc
Page 538 and 539:
He further noted that case-control
Page 540 and 541:
coefficients from the data in Table
Page 542 and 543:
DIMITRIOS TRICHOPOULOS AND ARETI LA
Page 544 and 545:
Epidemiology Chapter 30 Smoking and
Page 546 and 547:
CRYSTAL N. HOLICK AND HARVEY A. RIS
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
and at least the enteric variety of
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Chapter 31 Endometrial cancer Paul
Page 558 and 559:
Table 31.1 Epidemiological studies
Page 560 and 561:
studies (Terry et al. 1999, 2002a),
Page 562 and 563:
Newcomer Population 740/2372 40-79
Page 564 and 565:
PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 531 levels, an
Page 566 and 567:
Relative body weight Obesity is an
Page 568 and 569:
Key et al. 1991 147 pre- and postme
Page 570 and 571:
lood levels among current smokers,
Page 572 and 573:
Table 31.7 Studies of cigarette smo
Page 574 and 575:
of the association between cigarett
Page 576 and 577:
Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., and R
Page 578 and 579:
PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 545 Weiderpass
Page 580 and 581:
Part 7 Tobacco and heart disease
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
citations of some of the best-known
Page 586 and 587:
KONRAD JAMROZIK 553 because the dat
Page 588 and 589:
KONRAD JAMROZIK 555 Fig. 32.2 Trend
Page 590 and 591:
Table 32.3 Case-control studies of
Page 592 and 593:
Table 32.5 Cohort studies of active
Page 594 and 595:
Table 32.6 Effect of exclusion of p
Page 596 and 597:
eadily addressed by cohort studies
Page 598 and 599:
Specificity The entries in Table 32
Page 600 and 601:
Table 32.8 Application of Bradford
Page 602 and 603:
KONRAD JAMROZIK 569 arterial CVD re
Page 604 and 605:
elationship goes beyond statistical
Page 606 and 607:
Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Su
Page 608 and 609:
National Health and Medical Researc
Page 610 and 611:
Part 8 Tobacco and respiratory dise
Page 612 and 613:
Introduction Chapter 33 Chronic obs
Page 614 and 615:
Many of the constituents in both th
Page 616 and 617:
DAVID M. BURNS rate of growth in lu
Page 618 and 619:
Death rates from COPD in smokers an
Page 620 and 621:
Fraction of Excess Risk 1.20 1.00 0
Page 622 and 623:
DAVID M. BURNS Higgins, M. W., Enri
Page 624 and 625:
Part 9 Tobacco and other diseases
Page 626 and 627:
Introduction Chapter 34 Smoking and
Page 628 and 629:
ALLAN HACKSHAW 595 several mechanis
Page 630 and 631:
Table 34.4 Studies that reported re
Page 632 and 633:
Table 34.5 Cohort studies that repo
Page 634 and 635:
than non-smokers; they have about h
Page 636 and 637:
Table 34.8 Cohort studies that repo
Page 638 and 639:
esults from cohort studies. There i
Page 640 and 641:
ALLAN HACKSHAW 607 (DiFranza and Le
Page 642 and 643:
Table 34.12 Cohort studies that rep
Page 644 and 645:
Caries and tooth loss Because perio
Page 646 and 647:
Table 34.16 Summary of disorders in
Page 648 and 649:
References ALLAN HACKSHAW 615 Allar
Page 650 and 651:
Johnsen, R., Forde, O. H., Straume,
Page 652 and 653:
Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Spei
Page 654 and 655:
Part 10 Genetics, nicotine addictio
Page 656 and 657:
Chapter 35 Genes, nicotine addictio
Page 658 and 659:
Cotinine (ng/ml) 750 500 250 OXCHEC
Page 660 and 661:
MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. 627 of those
Page 662 and 663:
MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. risk associat
Page 664 and 665:
Table 35.2 (continued) Gene map Chr
Page 666 and 667:
MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. pre-clinical
Page 668 and 669:
Steps to carcinogenesis Exposure to
Page 670 and 671:
DNA repair As previously alluded to
Page 672 and 673:
MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. Lichtenstein,
Page 674 and 675:
Part 11 Tobacco and alcohol
Page 676 and 677:
Page 678 and 679:
Table 36.1 Comparison of alcohol an
Page 680 and 681:
Although gene therapy has rarely be
Page 682 and 683:
20+ TABAC 5.1 10-19 0-9 3.4 12.3 0-
Page 684 and 685:
Heavy drinking is known to cause ga
Page 686 and 687:
Treatment issues and co-dependence
Page 688 and 689:
ALBERT B. LOWENFELS AND PATRICK MAI
Page 690 and 691:
Part 12 Tobacco control: Successes
Page 692 and 693:
Introduction Chapter 37 Global toba
Page 694 and 695:
NIGEL GRAY (sometimes at state leve
Page 696 and 697:
NIGEL GRAY The first attempt to red
Page 698 and 699:
per litre of smoke. Reduction of th
Page 700 and 701:
Borland, R., Cappiello, M. and Owen
Page 702 and 703:
Chapter 38 Lessons in tobacco contr
Page 704 and 705:
entangling relationships with negot
Page 706 and 707:
successful country advocates deeply
Page 708 and 709:
Thus, when the opportunity arose, t
Page 710 and 711:
Chapter 39 A brief history of legis
Page 712 and 713:
Committee, mentioned above, little
Page 714 and 715:
4. Tobacco and its related processi
Page 716 and 717:
RUTH ROEMER 683 advertising and adv
Page 718 and 719:
or shows, and distribution of free
Page 720 and 721:
RUTH ROEMER 687 threat to the peopl
Page 722 and 723:
RUTH ROEMER 689 The case was settle
Page 724 and 725:
Another study by Harvard researcher
Page 726 and 727:
At the end of 2003, 83 countries ha
Page 728 and 729:
Chapter 40 Roles of tobacco litigat
Page 730 and 731:
NGOs obtained sanctions against tob
Page 732 and 733:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 699 In a 1980s c
Page 734 and 735:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 701 Fourth, the
Page 736 and 737:
even impossible. Such a statute pre
Page 738 and 739:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 705 Daynard, R.
Page 740 and 741:
Introduction Chapter 41 Impact of s
Page 742 and 743:
in this chapter, is evidence that s
Page 744 and 745:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 711 Wh
Page 746 and 747:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 713 On
Page 748 and 749:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 715 ro
Page 750 and 751:
you are subject, but this does not
Page 752 and 753:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 719 to
Page 754 and 755:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 721 fo
Page 756 and 757:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 723 (E
Page 758 and 759:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 725 th
Page 760 and 761:
advanced. Although in countries lik
Page 762 and 763:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 729 Da
Page 764 and 765:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 731 Pr
Page 766 and 767:
Introduction Chapter 42 Effective i
Page 768 and 769:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 735 India (Gupta
Page 770 and 771:
Average price or tax per pack (US$)
Page 772 and 773:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 739 Bans on adve
Page 774 and 775:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 741 Table 42.2 T
Page 776 and 777:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 743 antismugglin
Page 778 and 779:
Farrelly, M. C., Pechacek, T. F., a
Page 780 and 781:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 747 Raw, M., Mc
Page 782 and 783:
Part 13 Treatment of dependence
Page 784 and 785:
Introduction Chapter 43 Treatment o
Page 786 and 787:
Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine
Page 788 and 789:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 755 tob
Page 790 and 791:
Fifteen different products were ide
Page 792 and 793:
In summary, tobacco dependence amon
Page 794 and 795:
medications for OTC sale in 1996, t
Page 796 and 797:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 763 US
Page 798 and 799:
Chapter 44 Regulation of the cigare
Page 800 and 801:
as these correlate quite well with
Page 802 and 803:
NIGEL GRAY 769 within three major g
Page 804 and 805:
of carcinogens and toxins in its wa
Page 806 and 807:
Index abdominal aortic aneurysm see
Page 808 and 809:
aromatic amines 58, 60, 98 DNA addu
Page 810 and 811:
central and eastern Europe (CEE) (C
Page 812 and 813:
coronary thrombosis 5 see also myoc
Page 814 and 815:
epinephrine 169 epoxide hydrolase g
Page 816 and 817:
health professionals advice on smok
Page 818 and 819:
laryngeal cancer (Continued) animal
Page 820 and 821:
Morris, Philip 207 see also Philip
Page 822 and 823:
nursing home residents 718 nutritio
Page 824 and 825:
Polish Central Statistical Office (
Page 826 and 827:
smoke, tobacco (including cigarette
Page 828 and 829:
Sweden female smoking rates 330-1 l
Page 830 and 831:
United Nations agencies 680-1 Unite
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