Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

412
TOBACCO USE AND RISK OF ORAL CANCER
Among females, while the numbers of smokers is small, the same trends as were seen
among males are evident. An OR of 2.1 (95% CI 1.1–4.2) for male cigarette smokers
was also reported from a case–control study in India by Nandakumar et al. (1990). The
ORs were 2.2 (95% CI 1.1–4.3) for those who smoked for more than 25 years, and 2.1
(95% CI 1.0–4.4) for those who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day. A small study
from the United States by Kabat et al. (1989) also reported an alcohol-adjusted OR of
2.0 (95% CI 1.0–4.0) for current smokers. Being an ex-smoker was not found to be
associated with an increased risk in this study (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.5–2.1).
Using the data from the northern Italy study, Talamini et al. (1990) further examined
the role of tobacco in non-drinkers for oral and pharyngeal cancer. They found that,
among non-drinkers, ex-smokers had a risk four times that of never smokers (OR = 4.1,
95% CI 0.5–93.6). For current smokers, ORs for smokers of