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USDHEW (1964). Laryngeal cancer. In: Smoking and health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service,pp. 205–12. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. WCRF (World Cancer Research Fund) (1997). Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective.American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington (DC). Wynder, E. L., Bross, I. J., and Day, E. (1955). A study of environmental factors in cancer of the larynx. Cancer, 9, 86–110. Wynder, E. L., Covey, L. S., Mabuchi, K., and Mushinski, M. (1976). Environmental factors in cancer of the larynx: A second look. Cancer, 38, 1591–601. Wynder, E. L., and Stellman, S. D. (1979). Impact of long-term filter cigarette usage on lung and larynx cancer risk: A case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 62, 471–7. PAOLO BOFFETTA 381 Zatonski, W., Becher, H., Lissowska, J., and Wahrendorf, J. (1991). Tobacco, alcohol, and diet in the etiology of laryngeal cancer: A population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control, 2, 3–10. Zhang, Z. -F., Morgenstern, H., Spitz, M. R., Tashkin, D. P., Yu, G-P., Hsu, T. C., et al. (2000). Environmental tobacco smoking, mutagen sensitivity, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9, 1043–9. Zheng, W., Blot, W. J., Shu, X.-O., Gao, Y.-T., Ji, B.-T., Ziegler, R. G., et al. (1992). Diet and other risk factors for laryngeal cancer in Shanghai, China. Am J Epidemiol, 136, 178–91.
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Preface Tobacco: The public health
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PREFACE vii The cigarette companies
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dramatically. Once more, I am not s
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it impairs quality of life for year
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documents and through litigation by
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PREFACE xv it will not succeed. Now
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Stratton, K., Shetty, P., Wallace,
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Contents Preface v C. Everett Koop
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27 Tobacco and pancreas cancer 479
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Contributors Amanda Amos Reader in
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Stephen S. Hecht University of Minn
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Cecily S. Ray Project Assistant Epi
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Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic
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Introduction The publication of thi
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Part 1 Tobacco: History
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Introduction Chapter 1 Evolution of
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RICHARD DOLL 5 However, little atte
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RICHARD DOLL 7 lung’ (Doll and Hi
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Table 1.1 Principal diseases caused
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Table 1.4 Manufactured cigarette co
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in 1995 was approaching the maximum
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References Adler, I. (1912). Primar
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Introduction Chapter 2 The great st
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MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 19
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it seems likely that some of this v
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steady increase in lung cancer occu
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cigarette smoking in deaths from co
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the effects of smoking and smoking
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Lung cancer death rate (per 100,000
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Lickint, F. (1929). Zeitschrift fur
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Chapter 3 Dealing with health fears
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LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI AND RICHARD J. O
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Table 3.3 Selected cigarette advert
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Part 2 Tobacco: Composition
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Introduction Chapter 4 The changing
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ILSE HOFFMANN AND DIETRICH HOFFMANN
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Table 4.4 (continued) Carcinogens i
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Table 4.5 Standard conditions for m
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Table 4.7 Comparison of experimenta
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the lung in rats treated with NNK (
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serve as the scientific basis in su
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Senkus, M. (ed.) (1976). Leaf compo
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Introduction Chapter 5 Tobacco smok
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 95 Established pul
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 97 magnitude lower
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 99 generally great
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Table 5.1 1-Hydroxypyrene in the ur
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Table 5.2 NNAL and its glucuronides
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 105 Table 5.2 (con
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Table 5.3 Representative DNA adduct
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G No (Wang et al. 2001a) N 2 CHCH 2
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 111 N-Nitrosopyrro
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(Kozack et al. 2000; Seo et al. 200
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the DNA adducts resulting from toba
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Culp, S. J., Gaylor, D. W., Sheldon
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 119 International
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 121 Melchior, W. B
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 123 Rivenso, A., H
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Wang, M., McIntee, E. J., Cheng, G.
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Part 3 Nicotine and addiction
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Chapter 6 Pharmacology of nicotine
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JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND NEAL L. BE
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Pickworth et al. 1995; Shiffman et
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American Caucasians and Hispanics (
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(US DHHS 2001). At doses delivered
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Page 174 and 175:
References JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND
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Introduction Chapter 7 Behavioral p
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 151 How
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(Fischman and Foltin 1991). Another
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following repeated, infrequent and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 157 oth
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 159 cli
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to tobacco product ingredients and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 163 Gom
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 165 Ris
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Introduction Chapter 8 Cigarette sc
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JEFF FOWLES AND DENNIS SHUSTERMAN 1
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◆ The pressure drop of the filter
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Nitrosamines Nitrosamines are biolo
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Physical design features of cigaret
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Introduction Chapter 9 Nicotine dos
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world tobacco burden (World Health
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Table 9.2 The ranges of nicotine, n
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 187 turing a
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Poland 19 1.4 n.a. n.a. 68−347 36
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191 cigarette
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 193 Table 9.5
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 195 MS wherea
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 197 In recent
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 199 Table 9.8
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 201 Burns, D.
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International Agency for Research o
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Part 4 Tobacco use: Prevalence, tre
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Chapter 10 Tobacco in Great Britain
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Adult smoking PATTI WHITE 209 Since
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oys who were regular smokers report
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PATTI WHITE 213 cancer, and bringin
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Introduction Chapter 11 The epidemi
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since the late 1980s. In 2001, Phil
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YANG HONGHUAN 219 ◆ Among males,
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Table 11.1 Smoking among adolescent
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(57%) was higher than in males (45%
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20 cigarettes a day had double the
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Chapter 12 Patterns of smoking in R
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DAVID ZARIDZE 229 Ignatova et al. (
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DAVID ZARIDZE 231 Tyumen, respectiv
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References DAVID ZARIDZE 233 Alexee
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Chapter 13 Tobacco smoking in centr
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 237 The developmen
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especially post-Soviet countries, w
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No. of Cigarettes 3000 2500 2000 15
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 243 young men and
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DEATHS / 100,000 DEATHS / 100,000 7
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 247 According to d
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Unfortunately, available data on th
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Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Gdulewicz,
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Chapter 14 The epidemic in India Pr
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aniseed, and musk, also available a
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Prevalence among youth PRAKASH C. G
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treatment and premature death were
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Although tobacco control legislatio
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Chapter 15 Tobacco in Africa: More
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In assessing tobacco use in Africa
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 271 plug the gap th
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Table 15.2 Cigarette taxes as perce
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 275 In recent years
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World Bank (2001). Economics of Tob
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Part 5 Tobacco and health. Global b
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Chapter 16 The future worldwide hea
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RICHARD PETO AND ALAN D LOPEZ 283 a
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UK male death rate at ages 35-69 ha
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Overview Chapter 17 Passive smoking
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evidence have proved to be effectiv
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 291 a thousand de
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Table 17.2 Occupational ETS exposur
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Table 17.3 Nicotine concentrations
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portable piezobalance to sample aer
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 299 Fetal effects
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 301 Investigation
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Table 17.4 Summary of pooled random
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 305 also reported
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and involuntary exposure to tobacco
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Glantz, S. A. and Parmley, W. W. (1
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 311 O’Connor, G
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 313 US Department
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Introduction Chapter 18 Adolescent
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 317 would be
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 319 Indeed, t
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 321 reached i
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subsequent consumption. Most studie
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Burns, D., Garfinkel, L., and Samet
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 327 US Depart
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The epidemic Chapter 19 Tobacco and
Page 364 and 365: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 331 w
Page 366 and 367: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 333 T
Page 368 and 369: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 335 w
Page 370 and 371: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 337 p
Page 372 and 373: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 339 T
Page 374 and 375: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 341 o
Page 376 and 377: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 343 M
Page 378 and 379: such as Jewel and Madonna, who woul
Page 380 and 381: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 347 t
Page 382 and 383: particularly in developing countrie
Page 384 and 385: AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 351 L
Page 386 and 387: Part 6 Tobacco and cancer
Page 388 and 389: Chapter 20 Cancer of the prostate F
Page 390 and 391: Table 20.1 Summary of results of ca
Page 392 and 393: Andersson et al. 1996 Sweden 256 ca
Page 394 and 395: Table 20.2 Summary of results of co
Page 396 and 397: cancer in younger or elderly men, w
Page 398 and 399: FABIO LEVI AND CARLO LA VECCHIA 365
Page 400 and 401: Summary Chapter 21 Laryngeal cancer
Page 402 and 403: 12-year follow-up of the American C
Page 404 and 405: Hedberg et al. USA, 235, 81% P, 547
Page 406 and 407: cigarettes as compared to blond-tob
Page 408 and 409: of 3.78 and 11.47. An interpretatio
Page 410 and 411: Effect on survival In two studies f
Page 412 and 413: Cattaruzza, M. S., Maisonneuve, P.,
Page 416 and 417: Chapter 22 Smoking and cancer of th
Page 418 and 419: Table 22.1 Results from selected ca
Page 420 and 421: Asia Gao et al. 1994— Population
Page 422 and 423: EVA NEGRI 389 Ille-et-Vilaine, Fran
Page 424 and 425: Odds Ratio 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.30 2
Page 426 and 427: Garidou et al. 1996— Hospital ≤
Page 428 and 429: De Stefani, E., Barrios, E., and Fi
Page 430 and 431: Wynder, E. L. and Bross, I. J. (196
Page 432 and 433: Introduction Chapter 23 Tobacco use
Page 434 and 435: Table 23.1 Tobacco use and risk of
Page 436 and 437: Franceschi et al. Oral cavity, Oral
Page 438 and 439: Muscat et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.1
Page 440 and 441: Population-based case-control studi
Page 442 and 443: Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5
Page 444 and 445: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 411 the cont
Page 446 and 447: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 413 For smok
Page 448 and 449: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 415 per day
Page 450 and 451: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 417 than tha
Page 452 and 453: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 419 For exam
Page 454 and 455: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 421 decline
Page 456 and 457: Studies in India: Oral cancer is th
Page 458 and 459: carcinoma compared with other combi
Page 460 and 461: studies have demonstrated a positiv
Page 462 and 463: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 429 Garrote,
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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 431 Notani,
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Chapter 24 Smoking and stomach canc
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DAVID ZARIDZE 435 such as sex, age,
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DAVID ZARIDZE 437 (Kato et al. 1990
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DAVID ZARIDZE 439 respectively. The
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Gajalakshmi, C. K. and Shanta, V. (
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Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.
Page 478 and 479:
Introduction Chapter 25 Cigarette s
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attenuated in every study after con
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 449 with a gener
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(Baron et al. 1994) of 352 colon ca
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(U.S. Dept. of Health Education and
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References EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 455 A
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EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 457 Kono, S., Ik
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Chapter 26 Smoking and cervical neo
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Tokuhata 1967* Williams 1977* Wigle
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Clarke 1985* Hellberg 1986* La Vecc
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ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 465
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case-control study nested in a scre
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five-fold risk of cervical cancer f
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(typically around two-fold), but be
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Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Introduction Chapter 27 Tobacco and
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Cigar, pipe, and chewing tobacco Wh
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Conclusion Overall, tobacco smoking
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Summary Chapter 28 Smoking and lung
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GRAHAM G. GILES AND PETER BOYLE 487
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quit for 20 years or more (Rogot an
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cancer and others where there is st
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Peto, R. (1986) Influence of dose a
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Chapter 29 Tobacco smoking and canc
Page 538 and 539:
He further noted that case-control
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coefficients from the data in Table
Page 542 and 543:
DIMITRIOS TRICHOPOULOS AND ARETI LA
Page 544 and 545:
Epidemiology Chapter 30 Smoking and
Page 546 and 547:
CRYSTAL N. HOLICK AND HARVEY A. RIS
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
and at least the enteric variety of
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Chapter 31 Endometrial cancer Paul
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Table 31.1 Epidemiological studies
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studies (Terry et al. 1999, 2002a),
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Newcomer Population 740/2372 40-79
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 531 levels, an
Page 566 and 567:
Relative body weight Obesity is an
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Key et al. 1991 147 pre- and postme
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lood levels among current smokers,
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Table 31.7 Studies of cigarette smo
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of the association between cigarett
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Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., and R
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 545 Weiderpass
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Part 7 Tobacco and heart disease
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
citations of some of the best-known
Page 586 and 587:
KONRAD JAMROZIK 553 because the dat
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 555 Fig. 32.2 Trend
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Table 32.3 Case-control studies of
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Table 32.5 Cohort studies of active
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Table 32.6 Effect of exclusion of p
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eadily addressed by cohort studies
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Specificity The entries in Table 32
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Table 32.8 Application of Bradford
Page 602 and 603:
KONRAD JAMROZIK 569 arterial CVD re
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elationship goes beyond statistical
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Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Su
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National Health and Medical Researc
Page 610 and 611:
Part 8 Tobacco and respiratory dise
Page 612 and 613:
Introduction Chapter 33 Chronic obs
Page 614 and 615:
Many of the constituents in both th
Page 616 and 617:
DAVID M. BURNS rate of growth in lu
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Death rates from COPD in smokers an
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Fraction of Excess Risk 1.20 1.00 0
Page 622 and 623:
DAVID M. BURNS Higgins, M. W., Enri
Page 624 and 625:
Part 9 Tobacco and other diseases
Page 626 and 627:
Introduction Chapter 34 Smoking and
Page 628 and 629:
ALLAN HACKSHAW 595 several mechanis
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Table 34.4 Studies that reported re
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Table 34.5 Cohort studies that repo
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than non-smokers; they have about h
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Table 34.8 Cohort studies that repo
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esults from cohort studies. There i
Page 640 and 641:
ALLAN HACKSHAW 607 (DiFranza and Le
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Table 34.12 Cohort studies that rep
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Caries and tooth loss Because perio
Page 646 and 647:
Table 34.16 Summary of disorders in
Page 648 and 649:
References ALLAN HACKSHAW 615 Allar
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Johnsen, R., Forde, O. H., Straume,
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Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Spei
Page 654 and 655:
Part 10 Genetics, nicotine addictio
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Chapter 35 Genes, nicotine addictio
Page 658 and 659:
Cotinine (ng/ml) 750 500 250 OXCHEC
Page 660 and 661:
MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. 627 of those
Page 662 and 663:
MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. risk associat
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Table 35.2 (continued) Gene map Chr
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. pre-clinical
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Steps to carcinogenesis Exposure to
Page 670 and 671:
DNA repair As previously alluded to
Page 672 and 673:
MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. Lichtenstein,
Page 674 and 675:
Part 11 Tobacco and alcohol
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Table 36.1 Comparison of alcohol an
Page 680 and 681:
Although gene therapy has rarely be
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20+ TABAC 5.1 10-19 0-9 3.4 12.3 0-
Page 684 and 685:
Heavy drinking is known to cause ga
Page 686 and 687:
Treatment issues and co-dependence
Page 688 and 689:
ALBERT B. LOWENFELS AND PATRICK MAI
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Part 12 Tobacco control: Successes
Page 692 and 693:
Introduction Chapter 37 Global toba
Page 694 and 695:
NIGEL GRAY (sometimes at state leve
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NIGEL GRAY The first attempt to red
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per litre of smoke. Reduction of th
Page 700 and 701:
Borland, R., Cappiello, M. and Owen
Page 702 and 703:
Chapter 38 Lessons in tobacco contr
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entangling relationships with negot
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successful country advocates deeply
Page 708 and 709:
Thus, when the opportunity arose, t
Page 710 and 711:
Chapter 39 A brief history of legis
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Committee, mentioned above, little
Page 714 and 715:
4. Tobacco and its related processi
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RUTH ROEMER 683 advertising and adv
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or shows, and distribution of free
Page 720 and 721:
RUTH ROEMER 687 threat to the peopl
Page 722 and 723:
RUTH ROEMER 689 The case was settle
Page 724 and 725:
Another study by Harvard researcher
Page 726 and 727:
At the end of 2003, 83 countries ha
Page 728 and 729:
Chapter 40 Roles of tobacco litigat
Page 730 and 731:
NGOs obtained sanctions against tob
Page 732 and 733:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 699 In a 1980s c
Page 734 and 735:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 701 Fourth, the
Page 736 and 737:
even impossible. Such a statute pre
Page 738 and 739:
RICHARD A. DAYNARD 705 Daynard, R.
Page 740 and 741:
Introduction Chapter 41 Impact of s
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in this chapter, is evidence that s
Page 744 and 745:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 711 Wh
Page 746 and 747:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 713 On
Page 748 and 749:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 715 ro
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you are subject, but this does not
Page 752 and 753:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 719 to
Page 754 and 755:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 721 fo
Page 756 and 757:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 723 (E
Page 758 and 759:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 725 th
Page 760 and 761:
advanced. Although in countries lik
Page 762 and 763:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 729 Da
Page 764 and 765:
RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 731 Pr
Page 766 and 767:
Introduction Chapter 42 Effective i
Page 768 and 769:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 735 India (Gupta
Page 770 and 771:
Average price or tax per pack (US$)
Page 772 and 773:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 739 Bans on adve
Page 774 and 775:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 741 Table 42.2 T
Page 776 and 777:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 743 antismugglin
Page 778 and 779:
Farrelly, M. C., Pechacek, T. F., a
Page 780 and 781:
PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 747 Raw, M., Mc
Page 782 and 783:
Part 13 Treatment of dependence
Page 784 and 785:
Introduction Chapter 43 Treatment o
Page 786 and 787:
Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine
Page 788 and 789:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 755 tob
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Fifteen different products were ide
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In summary, tobacco dependence amon
Page 794 and 795:
medications for OTC sale in 1996, t
Page 796 and 797:
MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 763 US
Page 798 and 799:
Chapter 44 Regulation of the cigare
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as these correlate quite well with
Page 802 and 803:
NIGEL GRAY 769 within three major g
Page 804 and 805:
of carcinogens and toxins in its wa
Page 806 and 807:
Index abdominal aortic aneurysm see
Page 808 and 809:
aromatic amines 58, 60, 98 DNA addu
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central and eastern Europe (CEE) (C
Page 812 and 813:
coronary thrombosis 5 see also myoc
Page 814 and 815:
epinephrine 169 epoxide hydrolase g
Page 816 and 817:
health professionals advice on smok
Page 818 and 819:
laryngeal cancer (Continued) animal
Page 820 and 821:
Morris, Philip 207 see also Philip
Page 822 and 823:
nursing home residents 718 nutritio
Page 824 and 825:
Polish Central Statistical Office (
Page 826 and 827:
smoke, tobacco (including cigarette
Page 828 and 829:
Sweden female smoking rates 330-1 l
Page 830 and 831:
United Nations agencies 680-1 Unite
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