Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

Table 23.1 (Continued) Tobacco use and risk of oral cancer
Author (year) Cancer site Major results Comments
country
(Cases/controls)
Cigarettes Cigar/pipe Smokeless
Day et al. (1993), Oral cavity, OR = 3.6 (95% CI OR = 2.2 (95% Smoking–drinking interaction
US (1065/1182) tongue and 2.6–4.8) for ever CI 1.3–4.0) for ever vs. was generally consistent with a
pharynx vs. never in whites never in whites; multiplicative enhancement
OR = 2.3 (95% OR = 1.8 (95% CI 0.4–8.5) of risk following joint exposure
CI 1.1–4.7) for ever vs. for ever vs. never to tobacco and alcohol among
never in blacks in blacks both whites and blacks
Day et al. (1994), Oral cavity OR = 4.3 (95% OR = 5.0 (95% The number of cases and
US (83/189) and CI 1.6–12) for CI 0.6–4.4) for ever vs. controls was small
pharynx current vs. never and
former
never
Bundgaard et al. Oral cavity OR = 6.3 (95% CI A multiplicative enhancement
(1995), Denmark 3.1–12.9) for smoking of risk for the combination of
(161/483) of >235 kg during tobacco and alcohol exposure
lifetime was observed in this population.
The number of cases was small
Andre et al. Oral cavity, OR = 12.9 (95% The combined effect of
(1995), France pharynx, CI 5.3–31.5) for alcohol and tobacco
(299/645) and larynx smoking of ≥20 appeared to follow a
cigarettes per day multiplicative model
Hung et al. (1997), Oral cavity OR = 5.9 (95% Men only. The number of
Taiwan (41/123) CI 1.9–18.5) for
smoking of ≥22.5
pack-years
cases and controls was small