Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

194
NICOTINE DOSING CHARACTERISTICS ACROSS TOBACCO PRODUCTS
127 to 214 mm in length. Although the use of cigarettes declined throughout the 1990s
(18% decrease from 1990 to 1999; 2000 Maxwell Tobacco Fact Book), large cigar and
cigarillo consumption increased by 58% during the same period (from 2.34 billion to
3.72 billion pieces).
In 1997, the leading US brands of little, large, and premium cigars (ranging in length
from 8.65 to 17.6 cm and in weight from 1.24 to 8.1 g) were analysed for levels of
nicotine and select carcinogens in the MS (Table 9.6; Djordjevic et al. 1997). The results
were obtained by machine-smoking of cigars under standard smoking conditions as
defined by the International Committee for Cigar Smoke Study (20-mL puffs of 1.5
seconds duration drawn once per minute to the predetermined butt length of 23 mm;
ICCSS 1974). The delivered dosages of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide increased
exponentially from cigarettes to premium cigars. When compared to cigarettes, the
levels of nicotine, BaP and NNK were 3 times, 7 times, and 17 times, respectively, higher
in the MS of premium cigars.
When little cigars were machine-smoked simulating the puffing characteristics of
smokers, the emissions of the total tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines were two times
higher than those determined using the standard ICCSS method (Djordjevic et al.
1997), the similar trend as described for cigarettes (Djordjevic et al. 2000a). A similar
2.2-fold difference in all smoke constituents due to more ‘intense smoking’ was
reported by Rickert and Kaiserman (1999). In the latter study, under standard
conditions, MS constituent yields generated from cigarettes and cigars were substantially
different (ammonia: 12.7 vs 327 µg/unit; NNN: 41.5 vs 932 ng/unit; nitrogen
oxides: 1.6 vs 35.9 µg/unit). In an earlier study, Rickert and his co-workers (1985)
reported that small cigars delivered, on average, 38 mg tar and 2.1 mg nicotine into the
Table 9.6 Smoke yields of the leading US cigarettes and little, large, and premium cigars
Medium-yield cigarettes
Cigarsb,d (0.9–1.2 mg FTC nicotine) a,c Little Regular Premium
Nicotine (mg/unit) 1.11 1.5 1.4 3.4
Tar (mg/unit) 15.4 24 37 44
Carbon monoxide
(mg/unit)
14.6 38 98 133
BaP (ng/unit) 14.0 26.2 96 97.4
NNK (ng/unit) 146.2 290 805 2490
aDjordjevic et al. 2000a.
bDjordjevic et al. 1997.
cThe cigarettes were smoked under FTC conditions: 1 puff/min, 35 mL volume, 2-second puff duration, butt
length: the length of filter overwrap plus 3 mm (Pillsbury et al. 1969).
dThe cigars were smoked under the ICCSS (International Committee for Cigar Smoke Study 1974) conditions:
1puff/40 seconds, 20 mL, 1.5-second puff duration, butt length 33 mm.