Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

Table 34.13 Studies that reported results on periodontitis and smoking
Study Country Number Total number of subjects Gender Cigarette Relative risk in current
of subjects with periodontitis consumption smokers compared to
or marker of it never smokers (95% CI)
Periodontitis
Haber et al. 1993 USA 95 32 Men and women 8.6 (2.7–27.8) 5
Tomar and Asma 2000 USA 13 652 1256 Men and women 3.94 (3.20–4.93) 1
Ismail et al. 1990 USA 165 22 Men and women 6.26 (2.42–16.20)
Marker of periodontitis
Grossi et al. 19952 USA 1361 194 Men and women 0.1–5.2 pack years 1.48 (1.02–2.14)
5.3–15 3.25 (2.33–4.54)
16–30 5.79 (4.08–8.27)
>30 7.28 (5.09–10.31)
Beck et al. 19903 USA 381 – Men and women 2.8 (1.71–4.70) 6
Men and women 6.7 (3.17–14.02) 7
Mullaly 19964 Ireland 100 – Men and women 4.6 (2–10.6)
1Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, income, education.
2Severe alveolar bone loss.
3Attachment loss and pocket depth.
4Molar furcation.
5Adjusted for age.
6Afro-caribbeans aged ≥65 years
7Caucasions aged ≥65 years