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TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 419 For example, a case–control study by Franceschi et al. (1990) reported an OR of 20.7 (95% CI 5.6–76.3) for pipe and cigar smokers compared to an OR of 11.1 (95% CI 3.4–34.8) for cigarette smokers. Zheng et al. (1990) reported an OR of 5.7 (95% CI 2.4–13.3) for male pipe smokers compared to 1.6 (95% CI 1.0–2.6) for male cigarette smokers in their case–control study. Franco et al. (1989) reported a higher risk of oral cancer for pipe smoking compared to other smoking behaviors, particularly for cancer of other parts of the mouth (ICD9 143–145). Pipe smoking also showed a strong dose-dependent relationship with oral cancer risk in several studies (Blot et al. 1988; Mashberg et al. 1993; Schlecht et al. 1999). For example, the study by Schlecht et al. (1999) reported an OR of 6.7 (95% CI 3.1–14.8) for those who smoked 1–20 pack-years of commercial-cigarette equivalents of pipe, and 8.2 (95% CI 3.7–17.8) for those with more than 20 pack-years of commercialcigarette equivalents of pipe smoking. Similarly, in a large case–control study, Blot et al. (1988) reported an OR of 1.9 (9% CI 1.1–3.4) for those exclusively smoking cigars and/or pipes, with a positive trend associated with increasing numbers of cigars/pipes smoked. The OR rose to 16.7 (95% CI 3.7–76.7) for men who smoked 40 or more cigars/week, and to 3.1 (95% CI 1.1–8.7) for those consuming 40+ pipefuls/week. However, other studies, such as Merletti et al. (1989) reported a higher risk of oral cancer for cigar smokers (OR = 14.6, 95% CI 4.7–45.6) than pipe smokers (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.1–12.6) and than cigarette smokers (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.6–9.4) among male smokers. A strong dose–response relationship has been shown between cigar smoking and risk of oral cancer. In particular, the study by Garrote et al. (2001) showed a strong dose–response relationship between cigar smoking and oral cancer risk (P trend < 0.01). They found that, compared with never smokers, those who smoked 5 cigars per day) for oral and pharyngeal cancer risk. In a case–control study of oral and esophageal cancers involving only those who never smoked pipe tobacco or cigarettes, La Vecchia et al. (1998) reported an OR of 6.8 (95% CI 2.5–18.5) for ever smokers and 8.9 for smokers of more than 3 cigars per day, and 14.9 (95% CI 4.0–55.9) for current cigar smokers when compared to never cigar smokers. In either case, pipe and cigar smoking clearly increases the risk of oral cancer. This risk seems to vary by anatomic subsite. Shapiro et al. (2000) found that, compared with never smokers, current cigar smokers had an RR of 4.0 (95% CI 1.5–10.3) for cancer of the oral cavity/pharynx compared to 10.3 (95% CI 2.6–41.0) for cancer of the larynx. Former smokers had an OR of 2.4 (95% CI 0.8–7.3) for cancer of the oral cavity/pharynx, but 6.7 (95% CI 1.5–30.0) for cancer of the larynx. In their case– control study of oral and esophageal cancers, La Vecchia et al. (1998) reported an OR 9.0 (95% CI 2.7–30.0) for oral and pharyngeal cancers, compared to 4.1 (95% CI 0.7–23.0)
420 TOBACCO USE AND RISK OF ORAL CANCER for esophageal cancer among ever cigar smokers. Boffetta et al. (1992) showed that soft palate seems to be more susceptible to cigar and pipe smoking than other sites. Smokeless tobacco People are also exposed to smokeless tobacco including snuff and chewing tobacco. Snuff consists of a tobacco that has been cured and grounded into dry snuff (
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Tobacco and Public Health: Science
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Preface Tobacco: The public health
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PREFACE vii The cigarette companies
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dramatically. Once more, I am not s
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it impairs quality of life for year
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documents and through litigation by
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PREFACE xv it will not succeed. Now
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Stratton, K., Shetty, P., Wallace,
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Contents Preface v C. Everett Koop
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27 Tobacco and pancreas cancer 479
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Contributors Amanda Amos Reader in
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Stephen S. Hecht University of Minn
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Cecily S. Ray Project Assistant Epi
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Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic
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Introduction The publication of thi
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Part 1 Tobacco: History
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Introduction Chapter 1 Evolution of
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RICHARD DOLL 5 However, little atte
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RICHARD DOLL 7 lung’ (Doll and Hi
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Table 1.1 Principal diseases caused
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Table 1.4 Manufactured cigarette co
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in 1995 was approaching the maximum
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References Adler, I. (1912). Primar
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Introduction Chapter 2 The great st
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MICHAEL J. THUN AND JANE HENLEY 19
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it seems likely that some of this v
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steady increase in lung cancer occu
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cigarette smoking in deaths from co
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the effects of smoking and smoking
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Lung cancer death rate (per 100,000
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Lickint, F. (1929). Zeitschrift fur
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Chapter 3 Dealing with health fears
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LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI AND RICHARD J. O
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Table 3.3 Selected cigarette advert
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Part 2 Tobacco: Composition
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Introduction Chapter 4 The changing
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ILSE HOFFMANN AND DIETRICH HOFFMANN
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Table 4.4 (continued) Carcinogens i
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Table 4.5 Standard conditions for m
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Table 4.7 Comparison of experimenta
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the lung in rats treated with NNK (
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serve as the scientific basis in su
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Senkus, M. (ed.) (1976). Leaf compo
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Introduction Chapter 5 Tobacco smok
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 95 Established pul
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 97 magnitude lower
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 99 generally great
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Table 5.1 1-Hydroxypyrene in the ur
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Table 5.2 NNAL and its glucuronides
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 105 Table 5.2 (con
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Table 5.3 Representative DNA adduct
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G No (Wang et al. 2001a) N 2 CHCH 2
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 111 N-Nitrosopyrro
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(Kozack et al. 2000; Seo et al. 200
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the DNA adducts resulting from toba
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Culp, S. J., Gaylor, D. W., Sheldon
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 119 International
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 121 Melchior, W. B
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STEPHEN S. HECHT 123 Rivenso, A., H
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Wang, M., McIntee, E. J., Cheng, G.
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Part 3 Nicotine and addiction
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Chapter 6 Pharmacology of nicotine
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JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND NEAL L. BE
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Pickworth et al. 1995; Shiffman et
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American Caucasians and Hispanics (
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(US DHHS 2001). At doses delivered
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References JACK E. HENNINGFIELD AND
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Introduction Chapter 7 Behavioral p
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 151 How
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(Fischman and Foltin 1991). Another
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following repeated, infrequent and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 157 oth
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 159 cli
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to tobacco product ingredients and
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 163 Gom
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BRIDGETTE E. GARRETT ET AL. 165 Ris
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Introduction Chapter 8 Cigarette sc
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JEFF FOWLES AND DENNIS SHUSTERMAN 1
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◆ The pressure drop of the filter
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Nitrosamines Nitrosamines are biolo
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Physical design features of cigaret
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Introduction Chapter 9 Nicotine dos
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world tobacco burden (World Health
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Table 9.2 The ranges of nicotine, n
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 187 turing a
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Poland 19 1.4 n.a. n.a. 68−347 36
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191 cigarette
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 193 Table 9.5
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 195 MS wherea
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 197 In recent
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 199 Table 9.8
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MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 201 Burns, D.
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International Agency for Research o
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Part 4 Tobacco use: Prevalence, tre
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Chapter 10 Tobacco in Great Britain
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Adult smoking PATTI WHITE 209 Since
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oys who were regular smokers report
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PATTI WHITE 213 cancer, and bringin
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Introduction Chapter 11 The epidemi
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since the late 1980s. In 2001, Phil
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YANG HONGHUAN 219 ◆ Among males,
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Table 11.1 Smoking among adolescent
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(57%) was higher than in males (45%
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20 cigarettes a day had double the
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Chapter 12 Patterns of smoking in R
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DAVID ZARIDZE 229 Ignatova et al. (
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DAVID ZARIDZE 231 Tyumen, respectiv
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References DAVID ZARIDZE 233 Alexee
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Chapter 13 Tobacco smoking in centr
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 237 The developmen
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especially post-Soviet countries, w
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No. of Cigarettes 3000 2500 2000 15
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 243 young men and
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DEATHS / 100,000 DEATHS / 100,000 7
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WITOLD ZATOŃSKI 247 According to d
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Unfortunately, available data on th
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Kaczmarczyk-Chalas, K., Gdulewicz,
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Chapter 14 The epidemic in India Pr
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aniseed, and musk, also available a
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Prevalence among youth PRAKASH C. G
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treatment and premature death were
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Although tobacco control legislatio
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PRAKASH C. GUPTA AND CECILY S. RAY
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Chapter 15 Tobacco in Africa: More
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In assessing tobacco use in Africa
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 271 plug the gap th
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Table 15.2 Cigarette taxes as perce
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YUSSUF SALOOJEE 275 In recent years
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World Bank (2001). Economics of Tob
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Part 5 Tobacco and health. Global b
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Chapter 16 The future worldwide hea
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RICHARD PETO AND ALAN D LOPEZ 283 a
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UK male death rate at ages 35-69 ha
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Overview Chapter 17 Passive smoking
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evidence have proved to be effectiv
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 291 a thousand de
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Table 17.2 Occupational ETS exposur
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Table 17.3 Nicotine concentrations
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portable piezobalance to sample aer
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 299 Fetal effects
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 301 Investigation
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Table 17.4 Summary of pooled random
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 305 also reported
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and involuntary exposure to tobacco
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Glantz, S. A. and Parmley, W. W. (1
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 311 O’Connor, G
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JONATHAN M. SAMET 313 US Department
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Introduction Chapter 18 Adolescent
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 317 would be
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 319 Indeed, t
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 321 reached i
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subsequent consumption. Most studie
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Burns, D., Garfinkel, L., and Samet
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JOHN P. PIERCE ET AL. 327 US Depart
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The epidemic Chapter 19 Tobacco and
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 331 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 333 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 335 w
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 337 p
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 339 T
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 341 o
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 343 M
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such as Jewel and Madonna, who woul
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 347 t
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particularly in developing countrie
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AMANDA AMOS AND JUDITH MACKAY 351 L
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Part 6 Tobacco and cancer
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Chapter 20 Cancer of the prostate F
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Table 20.1 Summary of results of ca
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Andersson et al. 1996 Sweden 256 ca
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Table 20.2 Summary of results of co
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cancer in younger or elderly men, w
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FABIO LEVI AND CARLO LA VECCHIA 365
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Summary Chapter 21 Laryngeal cancer
Page 402 and 403: 12-year follow-up of the American C
Page 404 and 405: Hedberg et al. USA, 235, 81% P, 547
Page 406 and 407: cigarettes as compared to blond-tob
Page 408 and 409: of 3.78 and 11.47. An interpretatio
Page 410 and 411: Effect on survival In two studies f
Page 412 and 413: Cattaruzza, M. S., Maisonneuve, P.,
Page 414 and 415: USDHEW (1964). Laryngeal cancer. In
Page 416 and 417: Chapter 22 Smoking and cancer of th
Page 418 and 419: Table 22.1 Results from selected ca
Page 420 and 421: Asia Gao et al. 1994— Population
Page 422 and 423: EVA NEGRI 389 Ille-et-Vilaine, Fran
Page 424 and 425: Odds Ratio 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.30 2
Page 426 and 427: Garidou et al. 1996— Hospital ≤
Page 428 and 429: De Stefani, E., Barrios, E., and Fi
Page 430 and 431: Wynder, E. L. and Bross, I. J. (196
Page 432 and 433: Introduction Chapter 23 Tobacco use
Page 434 and 435: Table 23.1 Tobacco use and risk of
Page 436 and 437: Franceschi et al. Oral cavity, Oral
Page 438 and 439: Muscat et al. Oral cavity OR = 2.1
Page 440 and 441: Population-based case-control studi
Page 442 and 443: Lewin et al. Oral cavity, RR = 6.5
Page 444 and 445: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 411 the cont
Page 446 and 447: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 413 For smok
Page 448 and 449: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 415 per day
Page 450 and 451: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 417 than tha
Page 454 and 455: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 421 decline
Page 456 and 457: Studies in India: Oral cancer is th
Page 458 and 459: carcinoma compared with other combi
Page 460 and 461: studies have demonstrated a positiv
Page 462 and 463: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 429 Garrote,
Page 464 and 465: TONGZHANG ZHENG ET AL. 431 Notani,
Page 466 and 467: Chapter 24 Smoking and stomach canc
Page 468 and 469: DAVID ZARIDZE 435 such as sex, age,
Page 470 and 471: DAVID ZARIDZE 437 (Kato et al. 1990
Page 472 and 473: DAVID ZARIDZE 439 respectively. The
Page 474 and 475: Gajalakshmi, C. K. and Shanta, V. (
Page 476 and 477: Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.
Page 478 and 479: Introduction Chapter 25 Cigarette s
Page 480 and 481: attenuated in every study after con
Page 482 and 483: EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 449 with a gener
Page 484 and 485: (Baron et al. 1994) of 352 colon ca
Page 486 and 487: (U.S. Dept. of Health Education and
Page 488 and 489: References EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 455 A
Page 490 and 491: EDWARD GIOVANNUCCI 457 Kono, S., Ik
Page 492 and 493: Chapter 26 Smoking and cervical neo
Page 494 and 495: Tokuhata 1967* Williams 1977* Wigle
Page 496 and 497: Clarke 1985* Hellberg 1986* La Vecc
Page 498 and 499: ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 465
Page 500 and 501: case-control study nested in a scre
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five-fold risk of cervical cancer f
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ANNE SZAREWSKI AND JACK CUZICK 471
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(typically around two-fold), but be
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Introduction Chapter 27 Tobacco and
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Cigar, pipe, and chewing tobacco Wh
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Conclusion Overall, tobacco smoking
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Summary Chapter 28 Smoking and lung
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GRAHAM G. GILES AND PETER BOYLE 487
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quit for 20 years or more (Rogot an
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cancer and others where there is st
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Peto, R. (1986) Influence of dose a
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Chapter 29 Tobacco smoking and canc
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He further noted that case-control
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coefficients from the data in Table
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DIMITRIOS TRICHOPOULOS AND ARETI LA
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Epidemiology Chapter 30 Smoking and
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CRYSTAL N. HOLICK AND HARVEY A. RIS
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and at least the enteric variety of
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Chapter 31 Endometrial cancer Paul
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Table 31.1 Epidemiological studies
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studies (Terry et al. 1999, 2002a),
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Newcomer Population 740/2372 40-79
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 531 levels, an
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Relative body weight Obesity is an
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Key et al. 1991 147 pre- and postme
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lood levels among current smokers,
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Table 31.7 Studies of cigarette smo
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of the association between cigarett
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Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., and R
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PAUL D. TERRY ET AL. 545 Weiderpass
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Part 7 Tobacco and heart disease
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citations of some of the best-known
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 553 because the dat
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 555 Fig. 32.2 Trend
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Table 32.3 Case-control studies of
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Table 32.5 Cohort studies of active
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Table 32.6 Effect of exclusion of p
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eadily addressed by cohort studies
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Specificity The entries in Table 32
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Table 32.8 Application of Bradford
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KONRAD JAMROZIK 569 arterial CVD re
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elationship goes beyond statistical
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Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Su
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National Health and Medical Researc
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Part 8 Tobacco and respiratory dise
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Introduction Chapter 33 Chronic obs
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Many of the constituents in both th
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DAVID M. BURNS rate of growth in lu
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Death rates from COPD in smokers an
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Fraction of Excess Risk 1.20 1.00 0
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DAVID M. BURNS Higgins, M. W., Enri
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Part 9 Tobacco and other diseases
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Introduction Chapter 34 Smoking and
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 595 several mechanis
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Table 34.4 Studies that reported re
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Table 34.5 Cohort studies that repo
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than non-smokers; they have about h
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Table 34.8 Cohort studies that repo
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esults from cohort studies. There i
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ALLAN HACKSHAW 607 (DiFranza and Le
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Table 34.12 Cohort studies that rep
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Caries and tooth loss Because perio
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Table 34.16 Summary of disorders in
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References ALLAN HACKSHAW 615 Allar
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Johnsen, R., Forde, O. H., Straume,
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Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Spei
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Part 10 Genetics, nicotine addictio
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Chapter 35 Genes, nicotine addictio
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Cotinine (ng/ml) 750 500 250 OXCHEC
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. 627 of those
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. risk associat
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Table 35.2 (continued) Gene map Chr
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. pre-clinical
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Steps to carcinogenesis Exposure to
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DNA repair As previously alluded to
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MICHAEL MURPHY ET AL. Lichtenstein,
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Part 11 Tobacco and alcohol
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Table 36.1 Comparison of alcohol an
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Although gene therapy has rarely be
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20+ TABAC 5.1 10-19 0-9 3.4 12.3 0-
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Heavy drinking is known to cause ga
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Treatment issues and co-dependence
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ALBERT B. LOWENFELS AND PATRICK MAI
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Part 12 Tobacco control: Successes
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Introduction Chapter 37 Global toba
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NIGEL GRAY (sometimes at state leve
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NIGEL GRAY The first attempt to red
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per litre of smoke. Reduction of th
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Borland, R., Cappiello, M. and Owen
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Chapter 38 Lessons in tobacco contr
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entangling relationships with negot
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successful country advocates deeply
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Thus, when the opportunity arose, t
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Chapter 39 A brief history of legis
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Committee, mentioned above, little
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4. Tobacco and its related processi
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RUTH ROEMER 683 advertising and adv
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or shows, and distribution of free
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RUTH ROEMER 687 threat to the peopl
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RUTH ROEMER 689 The case was settle
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Another study by Harvard researcher
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At the end of 2003, 83 countries ha
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Chapter 40 Roles of tobacco litigat
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NGOs obtained sanctions against tob
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 699 In a 1980s c
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 701 Fourth, the
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even impossible. Such a statute pre
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RICHARD A. DAYNARD 705 Daynard, R.
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Introduction Chapter 41 Impact of s
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in this chapter, is evidence that s
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 711 Wh
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 713 On
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 715 ro
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you are subject, but this does not
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 719 to
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 721 fo
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 723 (E
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 725 th
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advanced. Although in countries lik
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 729 Da
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RON BORLAND AND CLAIRE DAVEY 731 Pr
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Introduction Chapter 42 Effective i
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 735 India (Gupta
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Average price or tax per pack (US$)
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 739 Bans on adve
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 741 Table 42.2 T
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 743 antismugglin
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Farrelly, M. C., Pechacek, T. F., a
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PRABHAT JHA ET AL. 747 Raw, M., Mc
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Part 13 Treatment of dependence
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Introduction Chapter 43 Treatment o
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Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine
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MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 755 tob
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Fifteen different products were ide
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In summary, tobacco dependence amon
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medications for OTC sale in 1996, t
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MICHAEL KUNZE AND E. GROMAN 763 US
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Chapter 44 Regulation of the cigare
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as these correlate quite well with
Page 802 and 803:
NIGEL GRAY 769 within three major g
Page 804 and 805:
of carcinogens and toxins in its wa
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Index abdominal aortic aneurysm see
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aromatic amines 58, 60, 98 DNA addu
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central and eastern Europe (CEE) (C
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coronary thrombosis 5 see also myoc
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epinephrine 169 epoxide hydrolase g
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health professionals advice on smok
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laryngeal cancer (Continued) animal
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Morris, Philip 207 see also Philip
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nursing home residents 718 nutritio
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Polish Central Statistical Office (
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smoke, tobacco (including cigarette
Page 828 and 829:
Sweden female smoking rates 330-1 l
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United Nations agencies 680-1 Unite
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Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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