Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

laryngeal cancer (Continued)
animal studies 53–4, 66
cigarette smoking and 369–73
epidemiology 367–8
interaction of smoking/other risk factors 374–5
involuntary smoking and 373–4
mechanisms 376
other tobacco products and 373
public health impact 377, 378
sub-site specific risks 375–6
survival 377
susceptibility factors 375
tobacco smoking and 368–9
see also oral cancer
laryngeal papillomatosis 368
lead 61
leadership, tobacco control advocacy see under
tobacco control
legislation, tobacco control 660–1, 677–94
1890–1960 678
1960s to early 1970s 678–9
1970s comprehensive 679–81
1980s 681–2
1990s and later 690–1
in Canada 682–4, 697
early research and reports 677–8
enforcement 691, 696
future challenges 691–3
in India 262–3
judicial action 688–90
litigation by NGOs to compel enforcement 696–7
in Poland 238, 685–6
in Russia 232
smoke-free see smoke-free bans and restrictions
in South Africa 271, 673–4, 686–8
in sub-Saharan Africa 271
in Thailand 684–5
Lesotho 268
leukaemia, childhood 300
leukoplakia, oral 647
levulinic acid 136
Lickint, Franz 289
licorice 174
life expectancy, reduced 249, 494, 497
lifestyle change, in Africa 267
light cigarettes
advertising 41–4, 45, 46
failure to reduce harm vii–viii, 663, 766–7
lung cancer risk and 497
prohibition of term 662, 683–4
see also low-yield cigarettes
limb reduction defects 607–8, 614
lime, slaked 254, 255
limonene 57, 176
linkage studies 629
linoleic acid 57
linolenic acid 57
lip cancer 4–5, 399
Lithuania, female smoking rates 330–1
litigation
against deceptive conduct 703–4
by employees 665, 698–9
implications for societal change 695–705
in India 262
by NGOs to compel enforcement 696–7
secondhand smoke cases 665, 698–9
threat driving smoking restrictions 713
against tobacco companies 688–90, 699–703
by tobacco industry 697–8
liver cancer 8
L&M© 40
lobbying, political 669
locomotor stimulant effects, nicotine 153–5
low birth weight 299, 607, 614
low tar cigarettes see low-yield cigarettes
low-yield cigarettes 183, 186
class action lawsuits 702
compensatory smoking 62, 171, 186
COPD and 587–8
failure to reduce harm vii–viii, 663, 766–7
lung cancer risk and 495, 497
nicotine content of tobacco 183–6
oral cancer risk 412
smoke yields 183, 190–2
switching to 662
Lucky Strike© 37, 38–9, 45, 316, 341
lung
chronic damage see chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
early responses to cigarette smoking 581
growth and development 302, 582–3
mechanisms of injury in COPD 584
tobacco smoke constituents and 580–1
lung adenocarcinoma 496, 497
cigarette tobacco composition and 72
mechanisms of induction 80–1
lung adenomas, smoke-exposed animals 54
lung cancer 485–502
adenocarcinoma see lung adenocarcinoma
age of initiation of smoking and 30, 31
animal studies 54, 80
benefits of stopping smoking 14, 30–2, 492–3
evidence for smoking as cause vi–vii, 488–93
1950s watershed 6–7, 22–3, 489
acceptance 7–8, 23–5, 27–8
coherence of association 492–3
consistency of association 491
counterarguments vii, 24, 27, 490–1
early observations/studies 6, 19, 488–9
experimental studies 493
reasons for delayed acceptance 17
specificity of association 492
strength of association 491–2
temporal relationship of association 492
see also epidemiological studies, great
genetic susceptibility 626, 634, 636, 637
global burden 486
mechanisms of induction 80–1, 93–4
mortality 11, 13
attributable to smoking 486
eastern Europe/Poland 239, 243, 244, 245, 249
effects of tobacco control 686
INDEX 785