Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

64
THE CHANGING CIGARETTE: CHEMICAL STUDIES AND BIOASSAYS
Tar (mg)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
TAR
NICOTINE
0
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Year
Fig. 4.1 Sales-weighted tar and nicotine values for US cigarettes as measured by machine
using the FTC method 1954–1998. Values before 1968 are estimated from available data
(D. Hoffmann, personal communication).
benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and 1.7 and 1.7 times more 4-(methylnitrosamino)-
1-(3-pyridyl)-2-butanone (NNK) than is generated by the FTC machine-smoking
method (Table 4.6, Djordjevic et al. 2000).
The discrepancy in exposure assessment between recent measurements and former
interpretations of machine-smoking data has led to criticism of the FTC standard
machine-smoking method for consumer guidance. The suggestion that there is a
meaningful quantitative relationship between the FTC-measured yields and actual
intake (by the cigarette smoker) is misleading (Benowitz 1996). In view of these concerns,
it appears ‘that the time has come for meaningful information on the yields of
cigarettes’ (Wilkenfeld et al. 2000a, b). The FTC agrees, in principle, that a better and
more comprehensive test program for cigarettes is needed (Peeler and Butters 2000).
Changes in cigarette smoke composition with various
design changes
Filter tips
In 1959, Haag et al. reported the selective reduction of volatile smoke constituents by
filtration through charcoal filter tips (Haag et al. 1959). Several of the compounds that
are selectively removed from mainstream smoke (MS) in this fashion are major ciliatoxic
agents, such as hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde.
Charcoal filters reduce the MS levels of these agents by up to 66 per cent (Kensler and
3
3
2
2
1
1
Nicotine (mg)