Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

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EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE SMOKING
Tobacco use and its consequences
Our estimates indicate that over 1.1 billion people smoke worldwide, with about 82 per
cent of the world’s smokers residing in low- and middle-income countries (Table 42.1).
Smoking prevalence is highest in the European/Central Asia region and in the East
Asia/Pacific region where over one-third of the population smokes. As Table 42.1
indicates, smoking prevalence is significantly higher among men in low- and middleincome
countries, with the difference between smoking prevalence among men and
women being smaller in high-income countries (Jha et al. 2002).
The release of information linking smoking to poor health reversed the upward
trend in smoking prevalence in most high-income countries. On the other hand,
smoking continues to increase in many low- and middle-income countries, in part due
to increasing income and trade liberalization (Taylor et al. 2000).
The impact of smoking on health has been extensively documented elsewhere (Peto
et al. 1994; Gajalakshmi et al. 2000). Data from both high-income and low- and middle-income
countries suggest that about half of all long-term regular smokers are killed
by their addiction. Half of these deaths occur during productive middle age (35–69 years
old) (Peto et al. 1994). Currently, about half of all tobacco-related deaths occur in highincome
countries, while the others occur in low- and middle-income countries. Recent
major studies from China (Liu et al. 1998; Niu et al. 1998), and emerging studies from
Table 42.1 Estimated smoking prevalence (by gender) and number of smokers, 15 years of
age and over, by World Bank region, 1995
World Bank region Smoking prevalence Total smokers
Males Females Overall (millions) (% of all
(%) (%) (%) smokers)
East Asia and Pacific 62 5 34 429 38
Europe and Central Asia 53 16 34 122 11
Latin America and Caribbean 39 22 31 98 9
Middle East and North Africa 38 7 23 37 3
South Asia (cigarettes) 20 1 11 84 7
South Asia (bidis) 20 3 12 94 8
Sub-Saharan Africa 28 8 18 56 5
Low and middle income 49 8 29 919 82
High income 37 21 29 202 18
World 47 11 29 1121 100
Note: Country economics are divided according to 1999 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas
method. The groups are: low income, $755 or less; lower middle income, $756–$2995; upper middle income,
$2996–$9265; and high income, $9266 or more (http://www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/class.htm#
Definitions_of_groups).
Source: Jha et al. 2002.