Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

588
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
COPD with use of these cigarettes (NCI 2001). Whatever symptomatic benefits may
occur, they are clearly dwarfed by the increases in disease risk that accrue with continued
smoking.
Summary
Cigarette smoking is the dominant cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for
both men and women. Changes in the lungs of smokers can be demonstrated within a
few years of beginning to smoke. By the age 25–34 years, evidence of functional loss is
evident in populations of smokers. The risks of developing ventilatory impairment and
of dying of COPD increase with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day and
increased duration of smoking. Cessation of smoking alters the rate of lung function
decline and risk of dying from COPD, but the benefits of cessation are greatest when
cessation can be achieved early before substantial lung injury has occurred.
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