Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

778
INDEX
cigarettes (Continued)
nicotine content 168, 171, 183–93
mainstream smoke 186–92
roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes 192–3
tobacco 183–6
nicotine delivery 135–6
nicotine yields see under nicotine
packets see packets, cigarette
paper see paper, cigarette
pharmacology 167–72
purchasing, economic impact on women 337
rationing, in former socialist economies 237, 240
regulation see regulation of cigarettes
roll-your-own see roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes
sales, Poland 239, 240, 241
science (addiction by design) 167–80, 661
targeted at women 343–4
tar yields see under tar
tobacco types 69–70
ultra low yield 183, 185
cigarette smoke see smoke, tobacco
cigarette smoking
cardiovascular disease and 569
cervical neoplasia and 459–78
colorectal adenoma risk 446–7
colorectal cancer risk 447–51
epidemic 10–13, 19
developing countries 13
four-stage model 329–30
future expectations 13–14
see also smoking prevalence; tobacco use
evolution of knowledge on health impact 5–10,
18–19
1950s watershed 6–7, 22–3
acceptance of evidence of harm 7–8, 23–5
early 20th century 5–6
impact on total mortality 8–10
see also epidemiological studies, great
history 3–4, 18–19, 37
HPV infection and 467–469
initiation see smoking initiation
laryngeal cancer risk 369–73
nicotine absorption 133–4
nicotine self-administration 150–2
oesophageal cancer risk 383–97
oral cancer risk 400–18
pancreatic cancer risk 479–80
prevalence see smoking prevalence
stomach cancer risk 433–7
switching to other tobacco products 569
cigarillos 193
cigars 193–5
cardiovascular disease and 569
colorectal cancer risk 454
COPD and 586–7
effects on mortality 9–10
history 3, 207
laryngeal cancer risk 373
oesophageal cancer risk 384
oral cancer risk 418–20
oral nicotine absorption 72, 134
pancreatic cancer risk 481
smoke yields 194–5
stomach cancer risk 439
cilia, airway 581
CIN see cervical neoplasia
cinnamic aldehyde pinanediol acetal 176
class action lawsuits 688–9, 701–2
clay pipes 5, 18
cleft lip/palate 652
clove oil extract 175
cobalt 61
cocaine 137, 138, 139
cocoa extracts 174
coffee extract 174
cohort studies
additional 25–7
continuing need for 32
contributions of later 27–32
earliest 7, 21–3, 489
early findings 22–3
growing scientific consensus 23–5
initial need for 21
collagenases 637
colorectal adenomas 445
assessing causal role of smoking 452
cigarette smoking and 446–7
colorectal cancer 445–59
assessing causal role of smoking 451–3
cigarette smoking and 447–51
unresolved issues and implications 453–4
communicators, strategic 671, 672
community organizers 672
compensation, financial
cases against employers 699
cases against tobacco companies 699–703
compensatory smoking
after smoking bans/restrictions 724
low-yield (light) cigarettes 62, 171, 186, 767
minimizing 768
tobacco control policy and 664–5
ventilated filters 41, 68
competitive marketing 661–2
compliance, smoke-free bans and restrictions
driving forces 711–14
public places 718
workplaces 715–17
conditioned place preference (CPP), nicotine 156–7
conditioned reinforcement 150
confounding 8, 298
colorectal adenoma/cancer associations 447, 452
congenital malformations 299–300
Congo 273
consistency, causal associations 552
consumers
perception and types of persuasion 46–7
protection laws, enforcing 703
COPD see chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
coping skills training 754
CORESTA, standard machine smoking conditions
62, 63
coronary heart disease see ischaemic heart disease