Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

MIRJANA V. DJORDJEVIC 191
cigarettes [≤0.8 mg nicotine/cigarette] and 77 smokers of medium-yield cigarettes
[0.9–1.2 mg nicotine per cigarette]) were assessed by a pressure transducer system
(Djordjevic et al. 2000a). The smoking profiles for a randomly chosen subset of
72 individuals were then programmed into a piston-type machine to generate smoke
from each smoker’s usual brand of cigarettes for assays of nicotine, tar, and lung cancercausing
agents such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and NNK. The FTC protocol was also
used to assess levels of targeted compounds in the 11 brands most frequently smoked
by study subjects. Compared with the FTC protocol values, smokers of low- and mediumyield
brands took statistically significantly larger puffs (48.6- and 44.1-mL puffs,
respectively) at statistically shorter intervals (21.3 and 18.5 seconds, respectively) and
drew larger total smoke volumes than specified in the FTC parameters (the total volume
drawn through the cigarette is the main factor responsible for the nicotine and
TSNA delivery in MS; Rickert et al. 1986; Fisher et al. 1989b; Melikian et al. 2002).
Subsequently, smokers received 2.5 and 2.2 times more nicotine and 2.6 and 1.9 times
more tar, respectively, than FTC-derived amounts and approximately double the levels
of BaP and NNK. Smokers of medium-yield cigarettes received higher doses of all components
when compared with smokers of low-yield cigarettes. The major conclusion of
this study was that the FTC protocol underestimates nicotine and carcinogen doses to
smokers and overestimates the proportional benefit of low-yield cigarettes (Burns and
Benowitz 2001).
The most comprehensive data on the chemical composition of the MS of contemporary
cigarettes generated by machine under more intense conditions were compiled in
‘The 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study. Final Report’ (Borgerding et al. 2000).
Eighteen leading US brands (26 brand styles), delivering from 1 to 26 mg FTC ‘tar’ per
cigarette, were screened. All the brands (0.05–9% market share by brand style) were
American blend cigarettes made by mixing different tobacco types and grades, including
reconstituted tobacco sheets, expanded tobacco, and additives. Cigarette smoke
was generated for the assays of 44 constituents both in a vapor and particulate phase
by machine-smoking using both the FTC method and the Massachusetts machinesmoking
method: 45-ml puffs of 2 seconds duration drawn twice a minute until the
predetermined butt length of 23 mm for non-filter cigarettes; or the length of filter
over wrapping paper plus 3 mm for filter cigarettes. The ventilation holes on filter tips,
when applicable, are 50% blocked during machine-smoking (U.S. FTC 1997). The
‘more intense’ Massachusetts machine-smoking protocol was developed in response to
the debate on the validity of the FTC method for the assessment of smokers exposure
(Hoffmann et al. 1996). The nicotine levels of the 26 tested brands ranged from 0.56 to
3.32 mg/cigarette. The yields of other toxic and carcinogenic MS constituents obtained
by machine-smoking of 26 brands of cigarettes using the Massachusetts method were
published by Gray and Boyle (2002).
The Tobacco Sales Act 2002 of British Columbia, Canada (http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/
statreg/reg/T/TobaccoSales/282_98.htm#schedulea), mandates the machine-smoking