Tobacco and Public Health - TCSC Indonesia

DAVID ZARIDZE 229
Ignatova et al. (1993) reported the results of a small household survey from
Chelyabinsk, based on the personal interviews of 859 men and 1222 women, among
which 62% men and 5% women smoked. Alexeeva and Alexeev (2002) reported from
Novosibirsk that smoking rates in men since 1985 have not changed and remained
at about 60%, while smoking in women increased from 3% in 1985 to 12% in 1997.
According to the most recent survey the proportion of current, former, and never
smokers in Moscow, in men aged 18–75 years is 58%, 20%, and 22% respectively. The
proportion of current, former, and never smokers in women of the same age is 27%,
12%, and 62%, respectively (Levshin and Fedichkina 2001). In the study reported by
McKee et al. (1998) the proportion of ex-smokers increased from 13% in the age
groups 18–24, 25–34, and 35–44 to 34% in men aged 55–64. High proportions of exsmokers
were recorded in young women aged 18–24 and 25–34 (12% and 13%, respectively)
and low proportions in women aged 45 years and older (7%).
Smoking prevalence is higher in less-educated people. Probability of smoking is
higher in men who graduated secondary and primary schools, than in men with university
background, relative risk for smoking being 2.6 (95%CI 1.9–3.7) among men
with secondary education and 6.2 (95% CI 3.2–12.4) with primary education, in comparison
with those who graduated from university (Levshin and Fedichkina 2001).
McKee et al. (1998) did not find any association between education and smoking,
however, they report higher smoking rates in economically deprived individuals.
Probability of smoking was statistically significantly higher among the most deprived.
Relative risk in men was 1.7 (95% CI 1.1–2.7) and 2.0 (95% CI 1.0–3.9) in women.
Smoking prevalence is very high among young clerks: 75% and 38% in men and
women of 20–29 years, 79% and 38% in men and women of 30–39 years old (Levshin
et al. 1998). Smoking rate is also quite high among physicians: 59% among men and
10% among women (Oderova 2001). Levshin et al. (1998) reported that proportion of
smokers among male and female physicians in Moscow is 41% and 13%, respectively.
Smoking rate was also very high in medical students aged 20–25 years, 44% and
29% among men and women, respectively. It is important to note that students start
smoking during their tenure as medical faculty. Smoking frequency is lower among
medical students in their first year in university: 24% and 6% among men and women,
respectively. According to the same authors 11%. Female nurses are smokers.
Smoking habit is influenced by marital status. Probability of smoking is significantly
higher among divorced, than among married men (RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.00–5.3) (Levshin
and Fedichkina 2001). The smoking habit of an individual is also influenced by smoking
in the family and among friends (Levshin and Fedichkina 2001). Probability of smoking
is statistically significantly increased if parents, spouse, and/or friends are/were smokers.
In 1998–99 we have carried out a large household survey in Barnaul, Tomsk, and
Tyumen, towns situated in western Siberia. Populations of these towns are 500 000,
350 000, and 300 000, respectively. Personal interviews on lifestyle habits including
smoking and alcohol consumption were conducted with 53 097 men (20 092 in