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Expoente de Lyapunov para um Gás de Lennard–Jones - CBPFIndex

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S<strong>um</strong>ário<br />

Agra<strong>de</strong>cimentos iii<br />

Res<strong>um</strong>o v<br />

Abstract vii<br />

Lista <strong>de</strong> Figuras ix<br />

Lista <strong>de</strong> Tabelas xiii<br />

1 Introdução 1<br />

1.1 <strong>Expoente</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lyapunov</strong> e caos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

1.2 Teorias recentes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />

2 <strong>Expoente</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lyapunov</strong> 7<br />

2.1 <strong>Expoente</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lyapunov</strong> <strong>para</strong> sistemas hamiltonianos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />

2.2 <strong>Expoente</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lyapunov</strong> máximo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

2.2.1 Exemplo: Mapa <strong>de</strong> Anosov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.3 Método <strong>de</strong> Benettin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.4 Médias temperada e recozida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />

3 Método Estocástico 15<br />

3.1 <strong>Expoente</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Lyapunov</strong> como média microcanônica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />

3.2 Definição do superoperador A e da matriz <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> ρ . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />

3.3 Método <strong>de</strong> van Kampen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />

3.3.1 Expansão em momentos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />

3.3.2 Expansão em c<strong>um</strong>ulantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />

3.4 Média sobre vetores tangentes iniciais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

3.5 Simetrias do potencial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

3.6 Médias da hessiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

3.7 Base que expan<strong>de</strong> a média da matriz <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

3.8 Elementos matriciais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />

3.9 Aproximação isotrópica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />

xv

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