Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

Glossary of grammatical terms 477
pronoun an expression used when referring to persons or things that have previously
been mentioned, whose referents are obvious from the context or whose content is
only partially specified (e.g. he, those, I, herself, someone, anything)
quantifier determiner or pronoun that expresses quantity in non-numerical terms (e.g.
many, much, some, all; someone, everything)
reduplication the repetition of a word or part of a word, as a lexical or grammatical
process (e.g. bambaşka ‘quite different’, birer birer ‘one by one’, rahat rahat
‘comfortably’)
referent the person(s) or thing(s) referred to by a speaker in a particular instance of the
use of a noun phrase
referential status the status of a noun phrase, on any particular occasion of its use, in
terms of the type of reference it makes to entities in the world; see definite, indefinite,
categorial, specific, generic
register a variety of language defined by its use in particular social situations or text
types (e.g. colloquial, formal, legal)
relative clause a finite or non-finite subordinate clause that performs an adjectival or, in
the case of headless relative clauses, a pronominal function within its superordinate
clause
relative tense tense marking that locates an event as prior to, simultaneous with, or
subsequent to, any reference point established by the context
resumptive pronoun a pronoun referring (i) in sentences with certain types of relative
clause, to the head of the noun phrase qualified by the relative clause, and (ii) in the
superordinate clause of a universal conditional clause, to the entity or class defined by
the conditional clause
root the minimal form of a word, not including any suffixes, whether derivational or
inflectional
rounded (of a vowel) produced with the lips in a rounded position
-(s)I compound a noun compound consisting minimally of two juxtaposed nouns, the
second of which (the head) is marked with the 3rd person possessive suffix -(s)I (e.g.
otobüs durağı ‘bus stop’)
simple sentence a sentence consisting of just one clause (a main clause)
small clause a type of finite noun clause whose subject is also the subject or object of
the main clause
specific a term encompassing both definite and one of the two types of indefinite; see
also non-specific
stem any linguistic item to which suffixes can be added, whether a simple root or a
combination of a root plus suffix(es)
stress the high pitch and loudness with which a syllable is uttered relative to others in the
same word or sequence of words
subject in an active sentence or clause, the item expressing the person(s) or thing(s) that
perform the action of the verb: Susan plays tennis, or are described by the predicate:
The children are happy; in a passive sentence or clause, the item expressing the
person(s) or thing(s) that undergo the action of the verb: Susan was beaten in today’s
match