Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 452
‘I can’t trust Necla. For one thing, she’s not a doctor.’
If a further point is added this is introduced by sonra:
(84) Bence başkanlığı en iyi Osman yapar. Bir kere herkes ona güveniyor, sonra
bilgi ve deneyimi var.
‘In my view Osman would be the best chairman. For one thing everyone trusts
him, for another he has the knowledge and experience.’
(viii) daha doğrusu ‘or rather’
The conjunction/discourse connective daha doğrusu has a corrective function. It is
used when the speaker wants to reformulate a phrase, clause or sentence that s/he has
uttered, and wants the hearer to disregard all or part of the first conjunct:
(85) Yusuf pilavı çok sever. Daha doğrusu annesinin yaptığı pilavı çok sever.
‘Yusuf loves rice, or rather the rice that his mother cooks.’
(ix) aksine, tersine, bilakis ‘on the contrary’
These connectives introduce a statement that amplifies the statement in the first
conjunct, which is always negative:
(86) Erol Semra’yı görmek istemiyor. Λksine, görecek diye ödü kopuyor.
‘Erol doesn’t want to see Semra. On the contrary, he dreads seeing [her].’
28.3.6 CAUSAL
These connectives link two statements that are connected to each other by a causal link.
(i) çünkü/ zira ‘because’
Situated either at the beginning or (çünkü only) at the end of the second conjunct,
these connectives present the cause of an event or state expressed by the first conjunct.
(87) Partiye gelmek istemiyor, çünkü kimseyi tanımıyormuş.
‘S/he doesn’t want to come to the party, because s/he says s/he doesn’t know
anyone.’
(88) Antalya’ya gidemedim. Param yoktu çünkü.
‘I wasn’t able to go to Antalya. Because I didn’t have any money.’
As a strategy for expressing the cause of a situation, the use of çünkü/ zira is mainly
confined to informal registers. In more formal styles the use of a non-finite causal clause
(26.3.14), which places the cause before the result, is generally preferred. Informally also,
adverbial clauses, whether finite (with diye, 26.1.1.1) or non-finite, are regularly used for
the expression of reason. The use of a separate sentence introduced by çünkü is preferred
where (a) the reason is added as an afterthought, or (b) the reason is a fact not known to
the hearer, to which the speaker wishes to give as much informational value as to the
resultant event or state.
(ii) bunun için/onun için/bundan dolayı/dolayısıyla/bu nedenle/bu yüzden/sonuç
olarak ‘because of this/that’, ‘as a result’