Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

Conjunctions, co-ordination and discourse connection 443
(vi) bir de can follow or precede the second conjunct. It sometimes signals that the item it
introduces is an afterthought:
(30) Evde tuz kalmamış, bir de süt.
‘We are out of salt…and milk.’
(31) İtalya’ya gitmek istiyorum, İspanya’ya bir de.
‘I want to go to Italy…also to Spain.’
(vii) ya as an additive is a discourse connective which has the sole function of
introducing a speculative question involving a conditional clause. The verb is always
marked with one of the conditional suffixes -sA or -(y)sA (Chapter 27). The sentence may
be left without a main clause, in which case it corresponds to questions expressed with
‘(And) what if…’ in English:
(32) Ya bir kazaya uğradıysa?
‘(And) what if s/he’s had an accident?’
If there is a main clause, it is always in the form of a wh-question (19.2):
(33) Ya [ben evde olmasaydım] seni kim kurtaracaktı?
‘And who would have rescued you [if I hadn’t been at home]?’
28.3.1.2 üstelik, üstüne üstlük, hem, hem (de), buna ek olarak, ayrıca,
kaldı ki ‘and (what’s more)’, ‘also’, sonra ‘and then’
These connectives do not merely conjoin two sentences; they also draw attention to the
speaker’s conscious decision to add something to what has already been said. As seen in
the examples below, they are often combined with dA. They can be situated at the
beginning or at the end of the second sentence:
(34) Nota okumayı sevmiyormuş. Üstelik piyanist!
‘S/he doesn’t like reading scores. And she’s a pianist!’
(35) Erken buluşalım. Hem birşeyler de yeriz.
‘Let’s meet early. Then we could have something to eat as well.’
28.3.1.3 hatta, dahası ‘even’, ‘indeed’
These discourse connectives introduce a statement that reinforces the previous statement,
usually by making an even more convincing point. They occur at the beginning of the
second conjunct, and are often combined with bile (28.3.1.1 (iv)):
(36) [Erol’un Korkut’u sevmediği] belli. Hatta bunu açıkça söylüyor.
‘It’s obvious [that Erol doesn’t like Korkut]. Indeed, he says so quite openly.’
(37) Akşam kursların a gitti. Dahası tatillerde bile ders çalıştı.
‘S/he went to evening classes. S/he even studied in the holidays.’
hatta also occurs as a conjunction:
(38) [Sıcaktan bayılanlar], hatta [ölenler] olmuş.