Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

an adverbial clause), a relative clause in (97) (where the subordinate clause is a noun
clause) and a noun clause in (98) (where the subordinate clause is an adverbial clause):
(96) Füsun bu kitap-lar-ı [öğretmenlik yap-ar-ken] kullan-mış-tı.
Füsun this book-PL-ACC teaching do-AOR-SUB use-PF-P.COP
‘Füsun used these books [when she was working as a teacher].’
(97) [Füsun-un bu kitap-lar-ı kullan-dığ-ın]-ı duy-an kişiler
Füsun-GEN this book-PL-ACC use-SUB-3SG.POSS-ACC hear-SUB people
‘the people who heard [that Füsun was using these books]’
(98) Füsun’un [kullan-ıl-mı-yor diye] kitap-lar-ı sat-ma-sı
Füsun-GEN use-PASS-NEG-IMPF SUB book-PL-ACC sell-SUB-3SG.POSS
‘Füsun’s selling the books [on the grounds that they were not being used]’
Note that a clause which contains ki can only be subordinate to a main clause.
12.4 FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE TYPES
Sentences can be classified functionally, that is according to the type of utterance that
they express. The four major types of utterance are statements, questions, volitional
utterances and exclamations, all of which can be expressed by both verbal and nominal
sentences.
(i) Statements:
(99) Köyde Bayram’m ailesi zengin sayılıyormuş.
‘In the village Bayram’s family is apparently considered rich.’
(100) Bayram’ın ailesinin diğer köylülerden daha çok toprağı var.
‘Bayram’s family has more land than the other villagers.’
(ii) Questions:
What marks a sentence as a question is the presence either of the interrogative clitic mI
or of a wh-phrase such as ne zaman ‘when’ or kaç ‘how many’. For a full discussion of
how questions are expressed in Turkish see Chapter 19.
(iii) Volitional utterances:
These are utterances which express the speaker’s attitude towards the possible
performance of an action or the occurrence of an event. The most common types include
commands, suggestions and wishes (21.4.4).
(101) Saat ikiden sonra beni telefonla ara. (Imperative)
‘Ring me after two o’clock.’
(102) Bu akşam dışarda yiyelim. (Optative)
‘Let’s eat out this evening.’
(103) Çabuk bitirseler bari. (Conditional with optative meaning)
‘I hope at least they finish quickly.’
(iv) Exclamations:
Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 124