Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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Forms doubled with the aid of mI can occasionally be used as adverbs: yavaş mı yavaş (okuyor) ‘(s/he reads) very slowly’ 9.3.1 DOUBLING IN LEXICAL FORMATIONS There are a number of idiomatic expressions that are created by doubling. Some of these contain similar sounding words which may or may not exist independently, or they may be formed by two words that denote similar concepts: konu komşu ‘neighbours’ ufak tefek ‘tiny’ Reduplication 93 paldır küldür ‘with an enormous noise’ çoluk çocuk ‘wife and children’ süklüm püklüm ‘in a crestfallen manner’
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Ro
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR As
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Intro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present book w
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BREAK WITH THE OTTOMAN PAST The Tur
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language’ (yeni lisan) were defin
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Despite its title (which was intend
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described in Chapters 24-6 (which f
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ABBREVIATIONS ABL ablative case ACC
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V.DER verb deriving suffix VN verba
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~ indicates syllable boundaries ‘
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S, s s as in ‘hiss’ Ş, ş sh a
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PART 1 PHONOLOGY: THE SOUND SYSTEM
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Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 4
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[g] is a voiced velar plosive which
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For the pronunciation of ‘ğ’ i
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1.1.2.1 Vowels and their allophones
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See 1.1.1.1 for the effect of ‘ğ
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2 SOUND CHANGE PRODUCED IN THE STEM
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atla- ‘jump’ atlayan (jump-PART
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vowel and a back vowel can only be
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3.4 EXCEPTIONS TO VOWEL HARMONY (i)
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4 WORD STRESS The term stress refer
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mısír ‘maize’ Mísır ‘Egyp
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(ii) When a stressable suffix is ad
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(c) The 3rd person plural suffix -l
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Stress and the negative suffix The
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(2) Dün çocuk-LAR okul-a git-Tİ
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PART 2 MORPHOLOGY: THE STRUCTURE OF
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-(I)lI A compound of -I (above) and
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- (I)ştır (-(I)ş+-DIr (reciproca
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(i) creates adjectives (a) from nou
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sabahları ‘in the morning(s)’,
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- mAn (iii) adjectival phrases from
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The forms of the possessive suffix
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Page 188: Voice suffixes, the negative marker
Page 192: Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 72
Page 196: -(y)Akal -(y)AcAK (future) -(y)Adur
Page 200: - (A/I)r/z The aorist suffix is pho
Page 204: ekle- ‘wait’ → bekliyor ‘s/
Page 208: - (y)mIş ‘s/he had arrived’. (
Page 212: (a) When suffixed to a locative-mar
Page 220: -DIktAn (sonra/başka): aldıktan s
Page 224: -mAksIzIn (formal): dönmeksizin
Page 228: 9 REDUPLICATION Reduplication is th
Page 232: (4) Ben adam tarih hocasıymış ma
Page 238: (iii) Compounds in which the first
Page 242: 1912 yıl-ı ‘the year 1912’ cu
Page 246: modifies kız yüksek meslek okul-u
Page 250: 11.1.1.2 dA The first consonant of
Page 254: Semra [ki partileri sevmez], o bile
Page 258: ilginç mi ilginç ‘very interest
Page 262: PART 3 SYNTAX: THE STRUCTURE OF SEN
Page 268: (5) Bu gün evde kal-a-ma-m. stay-P
Page 272: (v) 1st or 2nd person marking if re
Page 276: 12.1.1.3 The complementarity of -(y
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12.2.2.3 Pronominalized determiners
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Note, however, that sentences where
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an adverbial clause), a relative cl
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13 THE VERB PHRASE A verb phrase co
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anla- ‘understand’, kork- ‘fe
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(to/into)’. The oblique objects o
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13.2.1.2 Causatives of verbs of emo
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(57) Aferin! Çabucak giy-in-di-n.
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14 THE NOUN PHRASE A noun phrase is
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(vi) The addition of -lAr can also
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(42) Arkadaş-lar-ınız ne kadar k
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Where a plural suffix is present th
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‘We’re glad Ayşe’s going to
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(a) Certain bare postpositions, e.g
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The partitive uses of the genitive-
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15 ADJECTIVAL CONSTRUCTIONS, DETERM
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15.2.1 FORMING ADJECTIVES BY MEANS
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(20) beş metrelik bir kablo ‘a f
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15.4.1 GENERAL MODIFICATION 15.4.1.
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15.4.3 SUPERLATIVES The superlative
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azı/kimi/bir kısım ‘some’,
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When the numerals from yüz ‘(one
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(73) sekiz bardak su ‘eight glass
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16.1.8 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Postp
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16.3 MODAL ADVERBIALS Modal adverbi
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fixed items, such as şimdi ‘now
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Time location on an exact date is e
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…önce/ evvel ‘(amount of time)
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önce ‘before’ and sonra ‘aft
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Recurrent time locations To express
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The attachment of the above case ma
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(iii) A finite adverbial clause mar
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17 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Turkish h
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Combinations of gibi with the demon
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(28) Bu oda tam sana göre. ‘This
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(iii) bu yana ‘since’: This ite
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18 PRONOUNS Pronouns are expression
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The antecedent can also be a consti
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When kendi kendi- is in the dative
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(71) Kitabı Zerrin’e verdim. O n
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Additionally, they can be modified
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(vi) Complex adjectivals formed by
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It can also attach to the modifier
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(37) Kitabı AhmeT’E mi verdin?
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kim can have plural marking when th
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‘Where is Patagonia?’ Turkish:
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(ii) The degree to which a particul
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‘Who was there at the party?’ T
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(106) Nereye gidiyorsun? (i) ‘Whe
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(58) (Hiç) kimseyi içeri almıyor
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(72) [Hiçbir şeyin denize atılma
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(iii) The aorist form of the verb o
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Habitual: (28) Sen Ömer-i ben-den
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(a) Anla-dı-n mı? (Entry into sta
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(51) Turkish: A comprehensive gramm
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(v) Assumptive use of olması gerek
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In future contexts the question of
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one of these suffixes is combined w
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(ii) -mA-POSS lazım gel- (iii) -mA
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show it to me?’ (133a) could be f
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‘You’re not going to go there a
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(a) Akşama kadar dönerim. (Promis
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‘Ayşe may have shown this photog
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22 DEFINITENESS, SPECIFICITY AND GE
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who-PL-ACC ‘Who do you see (nowad
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(c) Korkut’a yeni gömlek aldın
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(29) İsterse Ahmet {bir arkadaşı
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‘Last winter our house was burgle
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The plural generic could be substit
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(74) (a) Arka sıra-lar-da öğrenc
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(v) Modal adverbials occur either a
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the question particle mI, adverbial
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strategy of backgrounding is restri
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The use of de- ‘say’ followed b
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In contrast to sentences containing
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A process that facilitates or obstr
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25 RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clause
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(a) Where this possessor is part of
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(34) [içine [Handan’ın bahçesi
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PERFECTIVE/PAST: -mIş FUTURE: -(y)
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These ki clauses often do not corre
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26.1.2.2 Purpose As in the correspo
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(57) [Herkes Nazlı’nın son resi
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sleep-LOC go.around-CV as.if ‘For
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(106) [Yeni sistemin yürürlüğe
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For some speakers, the form -(y)AcA
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28 CONJUNCTIONS, CO-ORDINATION AND
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ister…ister can occur with olsun
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postman. There was a packet that ha
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‘sit down (slowly) and get up slo
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APPENDIX 1 REDUPLICATED STEMS List
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sıkı sımsıkı Appendix 1 464 si
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‘Apparently it rained/It seems to
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(zero), -(y)In(Iz), -sIn(lAr) (Impe
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GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS ablat
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Glossary of grammatical terms 472 c
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Glossary of grammatical terms 474 i
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Glossary of grammatical terms 476 p
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Glossary of grammatical terms 478 s
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmet Cevat [Emre] (19
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Bibliography 482 Kelepir, M. (2001)
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INDEX This index is arranged accord
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-(A)r (d.n.) 57 Arabic xxv-vii, xxx
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Index 488 Cause, see Reason adverbi
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Index 490 as complement 121, 142-3,
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Index 492 en (superlative marker) 9
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herkes 285, 372 her ne kadar 505 he
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J juxtaposition 509-10 K -k (1pl.)
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Index 498 -mAdAn (önce) 483-4 made
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Index 500 niçin 28, 303 nitekim 52
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olsun…olsun 518-19 olur 336-7, 34
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non-specific direct object in 378 n
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of adverbial clause 174, 468-70 ani
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ounding harmony 22 Vowel length 12
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-yIm (1sg. optative) 89-90 -(y)In (
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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