Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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<strong>Turkish</strong>: A comprehensive grammar 48 Note that the clitic dA ‘also’, ‘and’, which regularly occurs after all the inflectional suffixes in a word, in colloquial usage may appear between the two segments of -(y)Abil (8.2.3.2): (4) Gid-ebil-ir-im de. go-PSB-AOR-1SG also INFL-INFL-INFL CL ‘And I can [indeed] go.’ (5) Gör-üş-tür-ül-e-me-ye de bil-iyor mu-ydu-nuz? see-REC-CAUS-PASS-PSB-NEG-PSB also PSB-IMPF INT-P.COP-2PL ‘Did it also sometimes happen that you were not allowed to see each other?’ The attachment properties of each suffix and clitic are described in the relevant sections of Chapters 7, 8 and 11. See also 7.3 for the internal ordering of derivational suffixes.
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Ro
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR As
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Intro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present book w
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BREAK WITH THE OTTOMAN PAST The Tur
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language’ (yeni lisan) were defin
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Despite its title (which was intend
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described in Chapters 24-6 (which f
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ABBREVIATIONS ABL ablative case ACC
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V.DER verb deriving suffix VN verba
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~ indicates syllable boundaries ‘
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S, s s as in ‘hiss’ Ş, ş sh a
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PART 1 PHONOLOGY: THE SOUND SYSTEM
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Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 4
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[g] is a voiced velar plosive which
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For the pronunciation of ‘ğ’ i
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1.1.2.1 Vowels and their allophones
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See 1.1.1.1 for the effect of ‘ğ
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2 SOUND CHANGE PRODUCED IN THE STEM
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atla- ‘jump’ atlayan (jump-PART
Page 92: vowel and a back vowel can only be
Page 96: 3.4 EXCEPTIONS TO VOWEL HARMONY (i)
Page 100: 4 WORD STRESS The term stress refer
Page 104: mısír ‘maize’ Mísır ‘Egyp
Page 108: (ii) When a stressable suffix is ad
Page 112: (c) The 3rd person plural suffix -l
Page 116: Stress and the negative suffix The
Page 120: (2) Dün çocuk-LAR okul-a git-Tİ
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Page 130: PART 2 MORPHOLOGY: THE STRUCTURE OF
Page 146: 7 WORD CLASSES, DERIVATION AND DERI
Page 150: Word classes, derivation and deriva
Page 154: -(A)cAn Forms adjectives: sevecen
Page 158: -(y)An Forms nouns: sıçan ‘rat
Page 162: are derived from nouns do not have
Page 166: ‘restaurant owner’, Almancacı
Page 170: - lIK Word classes, derivation and
Page 174: -(y)A An Arabic suffix which indica
Page 178: 8 INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES Inflectiona
Page 182: marker, e.g. ev-ler-in-e ‘to his/
Page 186: ‘at/on/in the ones in the house
Page 190: ER SUFFIX MARKER MARKER MARK ‘bec
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Stems containing the reciprocal suf
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- (y)A 8.2.3.1 Position 1 The possi
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Inflectional suffixes 77 erase [it]
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8.3.1 THE COPULA ‘be’ The copul
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3rd person plural gid-iyor-lar-dır
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(ii) The copular markers -(y)DI and
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Inflectional suffixes 85 ‘It is c
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8.5.1.2 -mA and -mAK Both -mA and -
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-mAzdAn (önce/ evvel) (-mA combine
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çıplak ‘naked’ çı+r+ıl+ç
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Forms doubled with the aid of mI ca
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(iii) Compounds in which the first
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1912 yıl-ı ‘the year 1912’ cu
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modifies kız yüksek meslek okul-u
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11.1.1.2 dA The first consonant of
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Semra [ki partileri sevmez], o bile
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ilginç mi ilginç ‘very interest
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PART 3 SYNTAX: THE STRUCTURE OF SEN
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(5) Bu gün evde kal-a-ma-m. stay-P
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(v) 1st or 2nd person marking if re
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12.1.1.3 The complementarity of -(y
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12.2.2.3 Pronominalized determiners
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Note, however, that sentences where
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an adverbial clause), a relative cl
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13 THE VERB PHRASE A verb phrase co
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anla- ‘understand’, kork- ‘fe
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(to/into)’. The oblique objects o
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13.2.1.2 Causatives of verbs of emo
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(57) Aferin! Çabucak giy-in-di-n.
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14 THE NOUN PHRASE A noun phrase is
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(vi) The addition of -lAr can also
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(42) Arkadaş-lar-ınız ne kadar k
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Where a plural suffix is present th
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‘We’re glad Ayşe’s going to
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(a) Certain bare postpositions, e.g
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The partitive uses of the genitive-
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15 ADJECTIVAL CONSTRUCTIONS, DETERM
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15.2.1 FORMING ADJECTIVES BY MEANS
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(20) beş metrelik bir kablo ‘a f
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15.4.1 GENERAL MODIFICATION 15.4.1.
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15.4.3 SUPERLATIVES The superlative
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azı/kimi/bir kısım ‘some’,
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When the numerals from yüz ‘(one
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(73) sekiz bardak su ‘eight glass
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16.1.8 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Postp
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16.3 MODAL ADVERBIALS Modal adverbi
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fixed items, such as şimdi ‘now
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Time location on an exact date is e
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…önce/ evvel ‘(amount of time)
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önce ‘before’ and sonra ‘aft
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Recurrent time locations To express
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The attachment of the above case ma
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(iii) A finite adverbial clause mar
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17 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Turkish h
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Combinations of gibi with the demon
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(28) Bu oda tam sana göre. ‘This
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(iii) bu yana ‘since’: This ite
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18 PRONOUNS Pronouns are expression
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The antecedent can also be a consti
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When kendi kendi- is in the dative
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(71) Kitabı Zerrin’e verdim. O n
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Additionally, they can be modified
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(vi) Complex adjectivals formed by
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It can also attach to the modifier
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(37) Kitabı AhmeT’E mi verdin?
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kim can have plural marking when th
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‘Where is Patagonia?’ Turkish:
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(ii) The degree to which a particul
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‘Who was there at the party?’ T
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(106) Nereye gidiyorsun? (i) ‘Whe
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(58) (Hiç) kimseyi içeri almıyor
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(72) [Hiçbir şeyin denize atılma
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(iii) The aorist form of the verb o
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Habitual: (28) Sen Ömer-i ben-den
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(a) Anla-dı-n mı? (Entry into sta
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(51) Turkish: A comprehensive gramm
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(v) Assumptive use of olması gerek
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In future contexts the question of
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one of these suffixes is combined w
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(ii) -mA-POSS lazım gel- (iii) -mA
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show it to me?’ (133a) could be f
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‘You’re not going to go there a
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(a) Akşama kadar dönerim. (Promis
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‘Ayşe may have shown this photog
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22 DEFINITENESS, SPECIFICITY AND GE
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who-PL-ACC ‘Who do you see (nowad
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(c) Korkut’a yeni gömlek aldın
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(29) İsterse Ahmet {bir arkadaşı
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‘Last winter our house was burgle
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The plural generic could be substit
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(74) (a) Arka sıra-lar-da öğrenc
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(v) Modal adverbials occur either a
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the question particle mI, adverbial
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strategy of backgrounding is restri
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The use of de- ‘say’ followed b
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In contrast to sentences containing
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A process that facilitates or obstr
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25 RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clause
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(a) Where this possessor is part of
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(34) [içine [Handan’ın bahçesi
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PERFECTIVE/PAST: -mIş FUTURE: -(y)
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These ki clauses often do not corre
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26.1.2.2 Purpose As in the correspo
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(57) [Herkes Nazlı’nın son resi
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sleep-LOC go.around-CV as.if ‘For
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(106) [Yeni sistemin yürürlüğe
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For some speakers, the form -(y)AcA
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28 CONJUNCTIONS, CO-ORDINATION AND
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ister…ister can occur with olsun
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postman. There was a packet that ha
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‘sit down (slowly) and get up slo
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APPENDIX 1 REDUPLICATED STEMS List
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sıkı sımsıkı Appendix 1 464 si
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‘Apparently it rained/It seems to
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(zero), -(y)In(Iz), -sIn(lAr) (Impe
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GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS ablat
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Glossary of grammatical terms 472 c
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Glossary of grammatical terms 474 i
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Glossary of grammatical terms 476 p
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Glossary of grammatical terms 478 s
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmet Cevat [Emre] (19
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Bibliography 482 Kelepir, M. (2001)
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INDEX This index is arranged accord
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-(A)r (d.n.) 57 Arabic xxv-vii, xxx
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Index 488 Cause, see Reason adverbi
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Index 490 as complement 121, 142-3,
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Index 492 en (superlative marker) 9
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herkes 285, 372 her ne kadar 505 he
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J juxtaposition 509-10 K -k (1pl.)
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Index 498 -mAdAn (önce) 483-4 made
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Index 500 niçin 28, 303 nitekim 52
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olsun…olsun 518-19 olur 336-7, 34
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non-specific direct object in 378 n
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of adverbial clause 174, 468-70 ani
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ounding harmony 22 Vowel length 12
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-yIm (1sg. optative) 89-90 -(y)In (
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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