Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

Conjunctions, co-ordination and discourse connection 441
28.3.1 ADDITIVE
The common characteristic of the items in this group is that they signal the addition of a
new item without changing the direction of the discourse.
28.3.1.1 ve, -(y)IA/ile, dA ‘and’, dA ‘too’, bile ‘even’, ve de ‘and what’s
more’, bir de ‘and also’, ya ‘and what…’
(i) ve, a particle borrowed from Arabic, conjoins all types of phrases and clauses, and can
function both as a conjunction and as a discourse connective.
(15) Arapça ve Farsça
‘Arabic and Persian’
(16) [Paris’e gittiğin]-e ve [müzeleri gezdiğin]-e çok seviniyor.
‘S/he is very happy [that s/he went to Paris and visited the museums].’
In its function of conjoining two clauses, ve is often replaced by -(y)Ip or (less
commonly) by -(y)ArAK (28.2).
(ii) The clitic ile and its suffixal counterpart -(y)lA (8.1.4), unlike ve, attach only to
non-case-marked noun phrases and to noun clauses formed with -mAK (24.4.1) and -mA
(24.4.2). They can join only conjuncts, and they cannot occur as discourse connectives.
(17) Arapça’yla Farsça
‘Arabic and Persian’
(18) [Ahmet’in bu kitabı okuması]-yla [okumaması] arasında bir fark olacağını
sanmıyorum.
‘I don’t believe there will be a difference between [Ahmet’s reading this book]
and [his not reading [it]].’
Another difference between ve and -(y)lA/ile is that ve is exclusive, whereas -(y)lA/ile can
be either exclusive or inclusive. Where the conjunction is ve, a plural pronoun (such as
biz ‘we’ below) does not include within its reference the noun phrase conjoined to it:
(19) Zehra ve biz kolay anlaşıyoruz.
‘We and Zehra get along well.’ (We get along well with Zehra.)
-(y)lA/ile, on the other hand, can be either inclusive or exclusive, i.e. the conjoined noun
phrase may or may not denote a member of the group that the plural pronoun refers to:
(20) Zehra’yla biz eve gidiyoruz.
(a) ‘Zehra and I are going home.’
(b) ‘We and Zehra are going home.’ (We are going home with Zehra.)
(See also 12.2.2.4 and 13.2.3.2 for subjects conjoined by ve or -(y)lA/ile and 17.2.1 for -
(y)lA as a postposition.)
(iii) In its additive usages, the clitic dA (11.1.1.2) is a discourse connective occurring
in the second conjunct (cf. the usages described in 26.1.7, 28.3.4.5 (i)). It has different