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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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for each finite form of ol-, which suffixes commonly occur on the lexical verb preceding<br />

it.<br />

-mIş, -(y)AcAk, -(A/I)r, -mAz oldu<br />

-(A/I)r, -mAz olmuş<br />

-mIş, -(y)AcAk oluyor<br />

-mIş, -(I)yor olacak<br />

-mIş olur<br />

-mIş, -(I)yor olsa gerek<br />

-mIş, -(I)yor olmalı<br />

-mIş, -(I)yor olabilir<br />

-(I)yor olsa<br />

-mIş olayım/olalım<br />

-mIş olsun<br />

21.5.1 COMPOUND FORMS IN WHICH THE LEXICAL VERB IS<br />

MARKED WITH -mIş<br />

-mIş is the most frequently occurring marker of the lexical verb in compound verb forms.<br />

In general terms it presents an event as being completed prior to some reference point.<br />

The auxiliary form oluyor signals a habitually recurring reference point:<br />

(173) Genellikle saat yediye kadar dükkanı kapatmış oluyoruz.<br />

‘We have usually shut the shop by seven o’clock.’<br />

olacak indicates that the reference point is in the future:<br />

(174) O zamana kadar herkes gitmiş olacak.<br />

‘Everyone will have gone by then.’<br />

In the case of modal forms expressing assumptions, such as olsa gerek (21.4.1.4 (iii)),<br />

olmalı (21.4.1.4 (vi)) and olabilir (21.4.2.1), the reference point is usually the moment of<br />

speech:<br />

-mIş olsa gerek<br />

-mIş olmalı<br />

-mIş olabilir<br />

Tense, aspect and modality 317<br />

(175) [Bahçeyi bu hale getirmek için] aylarca uğraşmış olsan gerek.<br />

‘You must have worked for months [to get the garden looking like this].’<br />

(176) Kayseri’yi görmüş olmalıyım ama hiç hatırlamıyorum.<br />

‘I must have seen Kayseri, but I don’t remember [it] at all.’<br />

(177) Ayşe bu fotoğrafı Hatice’ye göstermiş olabilir.

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