Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

(zero), -(y)In(Iz), -sIn(lAr) (Imperative)
Volitional modality (command) (21.4.4.2 (i), (ii)):
(27) Bu parayı Kaya’ya ver.
‘Give this money to Kaya.’
(28) Düğmeye bas-ın-(ız).
‘Press the button.’
(29) Ayşe bu akşam bana telefon et-sin.
‘I want/Tell Ayşe to ring me this evening.’
-(y)AyIm, -(y)AlI m (Optative, 1st person forms)
Volitional modality (suggestion) (21.4.4.3):
(30) Sana yardım ed-eyim.
‘Let me help you.’
(31) Biraz otur-alım mı?
‘Shall we sit down for a while?’
COPULAR MARKERS (USED IN NOMINAL AND VERBAL
SENTENCES) (8.3.2)
-(y)DI
(i) Past tense (21.2.1):
(32) Herkes bahçe-de-ydi.
‘Everyone was in the garden.’
(33) Eğlen-iyor-du-k.
‘We were having a good time.’
(ii) Counterfactual modality:
Appendix 2 468
(34) Sen bu işi daha güzel yapar-dı-n.
‘You would have done this job better.’
(35) Baştan söyle-se-ydi-n.
‘If only you had said [so] at the start.’
-(y)mIş
Evidential modality (indirectly or newly acquired knowledge) (21.4.3):
(36) Aysel’in babası mühendis-miş.
‘Apparently Aysel’s father is/was an engineer.’
(37) Her yaz Amerika’ya gid-iyor-lar-mış.
‘It seems they go/went to America every summer.’
(38) Burası gerçekten güzel-miş.
This really is a beautiful place.’