Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 140
‘cook (intransitive)’ and the stem piş-ir-il- (piş-CAUS-PASS) ‘be cooked’ are
intransitive, but a sentence with piş-ir-il- can contain an agent, whereas this is not a
possibility with simple verbs.
(66) Fasulye [kart ol-duğ-un-dan] üç saat-te piş-ti.
bean stringy be-CV-3SG.POSS-ABL three hour-LOC cook-PF
‘[Because the beans were stringy] they took three hours to cook.’
(67) Keşke şu fasulye-ler doğru dürüst bir ahçı tarafından piş-ir-il-seydi!
if.only this bean-PL proper a cook by cook-CAUS-PASS-COND-P.COP
‘If only these beans had been cooked by a prope r cook!’
Reciprocal+causative
In these sequences the last voice suffix is causative; the stem is therefore transitive and
the sentence contains a direct object:
(68) Baba-ları kardeş-ler-i öp-üş-tür-dü.
father-3PL.POSS sibling-PL-ACC kiss-REC-CAUS-PF
‘The(ir) father made the sisters/brothers kiss each other.’
(Note that -(I)ştır may also function as a derivational suffix, see 7.2.1.2.)
Reciprocal+passive
Reciprocal+passive sequences produce impersonal constructions (cf. 13.2.2.4):
(69) Bu arena-da her zaman döv-üş-ül-müş-tür.
This arena-LOC always beat.up-REC-PASS-PF-GM
‘People have always fought in this arena.’
Reciprocal+causative+passive
This sequence produces intransitive stems with a passive sense:
(70) Onlar bura-da döv-üş-tür-ül-dü.
They here-LOC beat-REC-CAUS-PASS-PF
‘They were made to fight each other here.’
Reflexive+passive
These are impersonal passive constructions (13.2.2) because the stem to which the
passive is added is intransitive:
(71) Bu hamam-da iyi yıka-n-ıl-ır.
this bath-LOC well wash-REF-PASS-AOR
‘[One] can get washed pretty well in this bath house.’
13.3 AUXILIARY VERB
An auxiliary verb cannot stand on its own and occurs with another verb or nominal.
There are three types of auxiliary verb in Turkish: