Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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sıkı sımsıkı Appendix 1 464 silik sipsilik sivri sipsivri siyah simsiyah soğuk sopsoğuk sirin şipşirin tamam tastamam taze taptaze temiz tertemiz toparlak tostoparlak yanlış yapyanlış, yapayanlış yalnız yapayalnız yassı yamyassı yaş yamyaş yeni yepyeni yeşil yemyeşil yumru yusyumru yuvarlak yusyuvarlak zayıf zapzayıf
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Ro
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR As
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Intro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present book w
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BREAK WITH THE OTTOMAN PAST The Tur
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language’ (yeni lisan) were defin
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Despite its title (which was intend
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described in Chapters 24-6 (which f
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ABBREVIATIONS ABL ablative case ACC
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V.DER verb deriving suffix VN verba
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~ indicates syllable boundaries ‘
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S, s s as in ‘hiss’ Ş, ş sh a
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PART 1 PHONOLOGY: THE SOUND SYSTEM
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Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 4
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[g] is a voiced velar plosive which
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For the pronunciation of ‘ğ’ i
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1.1.2.1 Vowels and their allophones
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See 1.1.1.1 for the effect of ‘ğ
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2 SOUND CHANGE PRODUCED IN THE STEM
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atla- ‘jump’ atlayan (jump-PART
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vowel and a back vowel can only be
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3.4 EXCEPTIONS TO VOWEL HARMONY (i)
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4 WORD STRESS The term stress refer
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mısír ‘maize’ Mísır ‘Egyp
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(ii) When a stressable suffix is ad
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(c) The 3rd person plural suffix -l
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Stress and the negative suffix The
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(2) Dün çocuk-LAR okul-a git-Tİ
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PART 2 MORPHOLOGY: THE STRUCTURE OF
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-(I)lI A compound of -I (above) and
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- (I)ştır (-(I)ş+-DIr (reciproca
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(i) creates adjectives (a) from nou
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sabahları ‘in the morning(s)’,
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- mAn (iii) adjectival phrases from
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The forms of the possessive suffix
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- ki(n) Turkish: A comprehensive gr
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Voice suffixes, the negative marker
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-(y)Akal -(y)AcAK (future) -(y)Adur
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- (A/I)r/z The aorist suffix is pho
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ekle- ‘wait’ → bekliyor ‘s/
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- (y)mIş ‘s/he had arrived’. (
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(a) When suffixed to a locative-mar
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-DIktAn (sonra/başka): aldıktan s
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-mAksIzIn (formal): dönmeksizin
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9 REDUPLICATION Reduplication is th
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(4) Ben adam tarih hocasıymış ma
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10 NOUN COMPOUNDS In this chapter w
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masa örtü-sü ‘tablecloth’ ç
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11 CLITICS Clitics are particles th
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Zehra’yıysa ‘as for Zehra (ACC
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(Acaba) geçmiş miyimdir? ‘I won
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(2) Kağıtları da okuMUŞ mu? ‘
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12 SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SENTENCES Fro
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(9) Ben o sırada öğretmen-di-m.
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The adverbials, if there are any, a
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(35) Bugün iş-te ol-abil-ir-di-m.
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The only exception is the imperativ
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Simple and complex sentences 119 co
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‘Some of them weren’t at home.
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Simple and complex sentences 123 Co
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Exclamations often contain a wh-phr
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13.1.1 THE VERB The internal struct
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The verb phrase 129 ‘Some people
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The verb phrase 131 For a full disc
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‘They killed the man by stabbing
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either by using the postposition ta
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The verb phrase 137 Some irregular
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The verb phrase 139 In these constr
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The verb phrase 141 (i) Bound auxil
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The verb phrase 143 an unintended r
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(7) büyük bir oda ‘a large room
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14.2.1 USES OF THE INDEFINITE ARTIC
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‘Are you going anywhere this summ
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The noun phrase 151 (36) Dünya’d
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(iii) The 2nd/3rd person ambiguity
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(51) [Ahmet gelince] ona sorabiliri
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(c) If the direct object refers to
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(iv) The locational constituent of
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The noun phrase 161 14.3.3.6 The ge
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(113) {Çocukların öğretmen-ler-
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14.5.1 THE BARE-HEADED PARTITIVE CO
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(vi) hangi-si (or hangiler-i if a p
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If a noun phrase contains one of th
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Adjectival constructions, determine
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‘an Opel car’ Adjectival constr
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(58) Su dolu kova-lar water full bu
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(iii) Interrogatives: Adjectival co
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The combination her+numeral, with o
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16 ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS Adverbs
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Berna husband-3SG.POSS-ABL separate
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(26) Biz-im koğuş-ta bazı-sı a
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discussion of assumptions (modalize
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For time locations less than thirty
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ayın birinde ‘on the first (day)
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sonra (day/week/month/year)’ ‘t
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Adverbial constructions 203 ‘a(n)
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genellikle ‘usually’, ‘genera
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‘Yılmaz is still working in the
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16.4.3 MANNER ADVERBIALS The follow
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daha ‘more’ en ‘most’ pek
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16.8 PARTICULARIZING ADVERBIALS Thi
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17.2.1 POSTPOSITIONS TAKING NON-CAS
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For the use of -(y)lA/ile as a comp
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‘Is there anything other than thi
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Postpositional phrases 221 17.3 POS
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‘All schools were brought under t
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Postpositional phrases 225 As the e
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(89) Türkiye’deki depremler konu
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garden-GEN rain-ABL before-ADJ stat
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(4) Efendim, biz sizin kadar bileme
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Pronouns 233 3rd person in the same
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(27) (a) [(ben-im) kendi-m-in bile
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Pronouns 237 (39) Ahmet hala uyuyor
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Pronouns 239 When the antecedent of
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Like personal pronouns expressing s
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‘I’ve heard [that Zeki has had
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Pronouns 245 (95) Adamın şapkası
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Pronouns 247 (107) Kızkardeşin se
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Pronouns 249 they usually contain t
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19 QUESTIONS Questions in Turkish a
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Questions 253 (ii) öyle mi, which
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(18) Tosca-yı VERdi mi yazmıştı
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(ii) Using mI immediately before th
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ne kadar ‘how much’ nasıl ‘h
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neli, nesiz ne can combine with the
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For the agreement of a predicate wi
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‘When shall I wait till?’ 19.2.
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(101) Çocuk-lar ev-de değil-se s
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Questions 269 (112) Semra’ya ald
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20 NEGATION This chapter discusses
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Negation 273 occupied make-NEG-PF b
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A verb inflected with the perfectiv
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Negation 277 Sentences containing n
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ever board-NEG-PF-2SG ‘Haven’t
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Negation 281 (65) Karısından asla
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21 TENSE, ASPECT AND MODALITY Tense
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Tense, aspect and modality 285 21.2
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21.2.3 FUTURE TENSE (i) Among the v
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(a) Saat ikide çalış-ıyor-du-m.
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(35b) and the counterfactual meanin
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(44) Geçen hafta-ki toplantı çok
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(ii) an assumption or hypothesis: -
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Tense, aspect and modality 297 (67)
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Assumptions expressed with the aori
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say-NEG-PSB-VN ‘to be able not to
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Tense, aspect and modality 303 (103
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‘[As I may not be able to persuad
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(i) In the great majority of cases
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e.necessary-VN-3SG.POSS-ACC (b) Ada
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‘I am supposedly obstinate.’ Te
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Tense, aspect and modality 313 (150
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‘I wonder who I should consult ab
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for each finite form of ol-, which
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The resultative function of -mIş c
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Tense, aspect and modality 321 (ii)
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Definiteness, specificity and gener
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As indefinite noun phrases always e
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‘Sometimes we would spread on the
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(67) Kedi köpeği kovar. ‘A cat
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(76a) is capable of either a generi
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23 WORD ORDER In Turkish word order
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23.1.2 NOMINAL SENTENCES 23.1.2.1 L
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Word order 341 (23) Dün sokakta bi
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(41) [Mehmet borcunu ödemediği i
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Fatma flower-PL-ACC today water-FUT
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Word order 347 23.3.3 THE TOPIC POS
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Word order 349 Ahmet’e gelince, o
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24 NOUN CLAUSES Noun clauses are cl
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Noun clauses 353 (6) O gün Suzan
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Noun clauses 355 ‘We had agreed [
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Noun clauses 357 This construction
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24.4.1.1 The non-case-marked form -
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(55) Ahmet [araba kullanmasın]ı s
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Noun clauses 363 by a possessive su
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(76) Bizim ricamız [toplantının
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‘I don’t think there’s any po
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Noun clauses 369 (iv) With genitive
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verb-like to retain its oblique obj
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(114) (a) [Buraya araba çarptığ
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(127) (a) [Ali’nin bu kitabı oku
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Person marking The occurrence of pe
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Noun clauses 379 Otherwise, the for
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Relative clauses 381 that of subjec
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Relative clauses 383 köylülerin k
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An adverbial: (28) [usta-nın kapı
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Some -(y)AcAK participles have been
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Hayriye Hanım ‘Hayriye Hanım, w
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Relative clauses 391 In informal re
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The combination of the tense suffix
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Relative clauses 395 Note that olan
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Relative clauses 397 (92) Sınıfla
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26 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Adverbial clau
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Adverbial clauses 401 26.1.1.4 Unde
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Adverbial clauses 403 26.1.4 CLAUSE
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Adverbial clauses 405 26.2.1 GENITI
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Adverbial clauses 407 tense and asp
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Adverbial clauses 409 Where the sub
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26.3.7 INFORMATION BASE FOR AN UTTE
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Adverbial clauses 413 The form -mAk
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Adverbial clauses 415 26.3.14 REASO
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stay-IMPF ‘She’s been staying w
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27 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES From the f
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Conditional sentences 421 27.1.2 TH
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Conditional sentences 423 When an o
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‘[If Remziye is going to meet up
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Conditional sentences 427 (41) [Vak
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(51) (a) [Kongre öğle zamanı bit
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Past tense: (59) [Para-sı yok-muş
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Conditional sentences 433 ‘By now
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Conditional sentences 435 ‘[Whene
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Conditional sentences 437 27.6.2 -D
Page 926: Conjunctions, co-ordination and dis
Page 942: (56) Ahmet aslında çok iyi bir mi
Page 974: düz dümdüz (adj., adv.) düpedü
Page 980: ‘Apparently it rained/It seems to
Page 984: (zero), -(y)In(Iz), -sIn(lAr) (Impe
Page 988: GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS ablat
Page 992: Glossary of grammatical terms 472 c
Page 996: Glossary of grammatical terms 474 i
Page 1000: Glossary of grammatical terms 476 p
Page 1004: Glossary of grammatical terms 478 s
Page 1008: BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmet Cevat [Emre] (19
Page 1012: Bibliography 482 Kelepir, M. (2001)
Page 1016: INDEX This index is arranged accord
Page 1020: -(A)r (d.n.) 57 Arabic xxv-vii, xxx
Page 1024: Index 488 Cause, see Reason adverbi
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Index 490 as complement 121, 142-3,
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Index 492 en (superlative marker) 9
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herkes 285, 372 her ne kadar 505 he
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J juxtaposition 509-10 K -k (1pl.)
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Index 498 -mAdAn (önce) 483-4 made
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Index 500 niçin 28, 303 nitekim 52
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olsun…olsun 518-19 olur 336-7, 34
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non-specific direct object in 378 n
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of adverbial clause 174, 468-70 ani
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ounding harmony 22 Vowel length 12
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-yIm (1sg. optative) 89-90 -(y)In (
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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