Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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Part 3 Syntax: the structure of sentences 12 Simple and complex sentences 109 13 The verb phrase 126 14 The noun phrase 144 15 Adjectival constructions, determiners and numerals 170 16 Adverbial constructions 189 17 Postpositional phrases 214 18 Pronouns 230 19 Questions 251 20 Negation 271 21 Tense, aspect and modality 283 22 Definiteness, specificity and generic reference 322 23 Word order 337 24 Noun clauses 351 25 Relative clauses 380 26 Adverbial clauses 399 27 Conditional sentences 419 28 Conjunctions, co-ordination and discourse connection 438 Appendix 1 Reduplicated stems 462 Appendix 2 Tense/aspect/modality suffixes 465 107 Glossary of grammatical terms 470 Bibliography 480 Index 484
Page 2: TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Ro
Page 6: TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR As
Page 10: CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Intro
Page 16: INTRODUCTION TURKISH AND ITS SPEAKE
Page 20: Turkish-speaking masses. On the oth
Page 24: words that had been consigned to di
Page 28: supported by examples, some illustr
Page 32: dropped in certain contexts. Such d
Page 36: INS instrumental INT interrogative
Page 40: LIST OF CONVENTIONS OBSERVED IN THI
Page 44: THE TURKISH ALPHABET AND WRITING CO
Page 48: Ankaralı’lar/Ankara’lılar ‘
Page 54: 1 PHONOLOGICAL UNITS Words are made
Page 58: [p] is an unaspirated voiceless bil
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[s] is a voiceless denti-alveolar f
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The palatal sound [l] can also occu
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o/ [o] o ‘he/she/it/that’, bol
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grev ‘strike’ [gırev] plan ‘
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Turkish does not have any of these
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Sound changes produced in the stem
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Sound changes produced in the stem
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3 VOWEL HARMONY Vowel harmony is a
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su ‘water’ -lI (ADJ) -lı, -li,
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Vowel harmony 25 (c) The suffix -ki
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4.1.2 IRREGULAR ROOTS AND STEMS The
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alışveríş (alíş ‘taking’+
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Afrikalılaşíyor or Afríkalıla
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Word stress 33 yorgún ‘tired yor
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5 INTONATION AND SENTENCE STRESS In
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Intonation and sentence stress 37 5
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Intonation and sentence stress 39 t
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6 PRINCIPLES OF SUFFIXATION In Turk
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Yusuf-a ‘to Yusuf’ but Emine-ye
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Principles of suffixation 47 (iv) C
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7 WORD CLASSES, DERIVATION AND DERI
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Word classes, derivation and deriva
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-(A)cAn Forms adjectives: sevecen
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-(y)An Forms nouns: sıçan ‘rat
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are derived from nouns do not have
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‘restaurant owner’, Almancacı
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- lIK Word classes, derivation and
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-(y)A An Arabic suffix which indica
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8 INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES Inflectiona
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marker, e.g. ev-ler-in-e ‘to his/
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‘at/on/in the ones in the house
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ER SUFFIX MARKER MARKER MARK ‘bec
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Stems containing the reciprocal suf
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- (y)A 8.2.3.1 Position 1 The possi
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Inflectional suffixes 77 erase [it]
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8.3.1 THE COPULA ‘be’ The copul
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3rd person plural gid-iyor-lar-dır
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(ii) The copular markers -(y)DI and
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Inflectional suffixes 85 ‘It is c
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8.5.1.2 -mA and -mAK Both -mA and -
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-mAzdAn (önce/ evvel) (-mA combine
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çıplak ‘naked’ çı+r+ıl+ç
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Forms doubled with the aid of mI ca
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(iii) Compounds in which the first
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1912 yıl-ı ‘the year 1912’ cu
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modifies kız yüksek meslek okul-u
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11.1.1.2 dA The first consonant of
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Semra [ki partileri sevmez], o bile
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ilginç mi ilginç ‘very interest
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PART 3 SYNTAX: THE STRUCTURE OF SEN
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(5) Bu gün evde kal-a-ma-m. stay-P
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(v) 1st or 2nd person marking if re
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12.1.1.3 The complementarity of -(y
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Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 11
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12.2.2.3 Pronominalized determiners
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Note, however, that sentences where
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an adverbial clause), a relative cl
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13 THE VERB PHRASE A verb phrase co
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anla- ‘understand’, kork- ‘fe
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(to/into)’. The oblique objects o
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13.2.1.2 Causatives of verbs of emo
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(57) Aferin! Çabucak giy-in-di-n.
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14 THE NOUN PHRASE A noun phrase is
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(vi) The addition of -lAr can also
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(42) Arkadaş-lar-ınız ne kadar k
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Where a plural suffix is present th
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‘We’re glad Ayşe’s going to
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(a) Certain bare postpositions, e.g
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The partitive uses of the genitive-
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15 ADJECTIVAL CONSTRUCTIONS, DETERM
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15.2.1 FORMING ADJECTIVES BY MEANS
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(20) beş metrelik bir kablo ‘a f
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15.4.1 GENERAL MODIFICATION 15.4.1.
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15.4.3 SUPERLATIVES The superlative
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azı/kimi/bir kısım ‘some’,
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When the numerals from yüz ‘(one
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(73) sekiz bardak su ‘eight glass
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16.1.8 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Postp
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16.3 MODAL ADVERBIALS Modal adverbi
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fixed items, such as şimdi ‘now
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Time location on an exact date is e
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…önce/ evvel ‘(amount of time)
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önce ‘before’ and sonra ‘aft
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Recurrent time locations To express
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The attachment of the above case ma
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(iii) A finite adverbial clause mar
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17 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Turkish h
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Combinations of gibi with the demon
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(28) Bu oda tam sana göre. ‘This
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(iii) bu yana ‘since’: This ite
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18 PRONOUNS Pronouns are expression
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The antecedent can also be a consti
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When kendi kendi- is in the dative
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(71) Kitabı Zerrin’e verdim. O n
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Additionally, they can be modified
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(vi) Complex adjectivals formed by
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It can also attach to the modifier
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(37) Kitabı AhmeT’E mi verdin?
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kim can have plural marking when th
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‘Where is Patagonia?’ Turkish:
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(ii) The degree to which a particul
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‘Who was there at the party?’ T
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(106) Nereye gidiyorsun? (i) ‘Whe
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(58) (Hiç) kimseyi içeri almıyor
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(72) [Hiçbir şeyin denize atılma
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(iii) The aorist form of the verb o
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Habitual: (28) Sen Ömer-i ben-den
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(a) Anla-dı-n mı? (Entry into sta
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(51) Turkish: A comprehensive gramm
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(v) Assumptive use of olması gerek
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In future contexts the question of
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one of these suffixes is combined w
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(ii) -mA-POSS lazım gel- (iii) -mA
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show it to me?’ (133a) could be f
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‘You’re not going to go there a
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(a) Akşama kadar dönerim. (Promis
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‘Ayşe may have shown this photog
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22 DEFINITENESS, SPECIFICITY AND GE
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who-PL-ACC ‘Who do you see (nowad
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(c) Korkut’a yeni gömlek aldın
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(29) İsterse Ahmet {bir arkadaşı
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‘Last winter our house was burgle
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The plural generic could be substit
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(74) (a) Arka sıra-lar-da öğrenc
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(v) Modal adverbials occur either a
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the question particle mI, adverbial
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strategy of backgrounding is restri
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The use of de- ‘say’ followed b
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In contrast to sentences containing
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A process that facilitates or obstr
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25 RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clause
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(a) Where this possessor is part of
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(34) [içine [Handan’ın bahçesi
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PERFECTIVE/PAST: -mIş FUTURE: -(y)
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These ki clauses often do not corre
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26.1.2.2 Purpose As in the correspo
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(57) [Herkes Nazlı’nın son resi
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sleep-LOC go.around-CV as.if ‘For
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(106) [Yeni sistemin yürürlüğe
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For some speakers, the form -(y)AcA
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28 CONJUNCTIONS, CO-ORDINATION AND
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ister…ister can occur with olsun
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postman. There was a packet that ha
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‘sit down (slowly) and get up slo
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APPENDIX 1 REDUPLICATED STEMS List
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sıkı sımsıkı Appendix 1 464 si
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‘Apparently it rained/It seems to
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(zero), -(y)In(Iz), -sIn(lAr) (Impe
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GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS ablat
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Glossary of grammatical terms 472 c
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Glossary of grammatical terms 474 i
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Glossary of grammatical terms 476 p
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Glossary of grammatical terms 478 s
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmet Cevat [Emre] (19
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Bibliography 482 Kelepir, M. (2001)
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INDEX This index is arranged accord
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-(A)r (d.n.) 57 Arabic xxv-vii, xxx
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Index 488 Cause, see Reason adverbi
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Index 490 as complement 121, 142-3,
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Index 492 en (superlative marker) 9
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herkes 285, 372 her ne kadar 505 he
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J juxtaposition 509-10 K -k (1pl.)
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Index 498 -mAdAn (önce) 483-4 made
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Index 500 niçin 28, 303 nitekim 52
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olsun…olsun 518-19 olur 336-7, 34
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non-specific direct object in 378 n
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of adverbial clause 174, 468-70 ani
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ounding harmony 22 Vowel length 12
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-yIm (1sg. optative) 89-90 -(y)In (
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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