Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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ABBREVIATIONS ABL ablative case ACC accusative case ADJ adjective/adjectival/adjectivizer ADV adverb/adverbializer AOR aorist AT attributive AUX auxiliary verb C consonant CL clitic COM comitative COND conditional COND.COP conditional copula CONJ conjunction/connective COP copula CV converb marker DAT dative case DEF definite DER derivational suffix DET determiner EMPH emphatic ENUM enumerator EV.COP evidential copula EV/PF evidential/perfective FUT future GEN genitive case GM generalizing modality IMP imperative IMPF imperfective INDEF indefinite INF infinitival INFL inflectional suffix
Page 2: TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Ro
Page 6: TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR As
Page 10: CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Intro
Page 14: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present book w
Page 18: BREAK WITH THE OTTOMAN PAST The Tur
Page 22: language’ (yeni lisan) were defin
Page 26: Despite its title (which was intend
Page 30: described in Chapters 24-6 (which f
Page 36: INS instrumental INT interrogative
Page 40: LIST OF CONVENTIONS OBSERVED IN THI
Page 44: THE TURKISH ALPHABET AND WRITING CO
Page 48: Ankaralı’lar/Ankara’lılar ‘
Page 54: 1 PHONOLOGICAL UNITS Words are made
Page 58: [p] is an unaspirated voiceless bil
Page 62: [s] is a voiceless denti-alveolar f
Page 66: The palatal sound [l] can also occu
Page 70: o/ [o] o ‘he/she/it/that’, bol
Page 74: grev ‘strike’ [gırev] plan ‘
Page 78: Turkish does not have any of these
Page 82: Sound changes produced in the stem
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Sound changes produced in the stem
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3 VOWEL HARMONY Vowel harmony is a
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su ‘water’ -lI (ADJ) -lı, -li,
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Vowel harmony 25 (c) The suffix -ki
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4.1.2 IRREGULAR ROOTS AND STEMS The
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alışveríş (alíş ‘taking’+
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Afrikalılaşíyor or Afríkalıla
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Word stress 33 yorgún ‘tired yor
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5 INTONATION AND SENTENCE STRESS In
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Intonation and sentence stress 37 5
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Intonation and sentence stress 39 t
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6 PRINCIPLES OF SUFFIXATION In Turk
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Yusuf-a ‘to Yusuf’ but Emine-ye
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Principles of suffixation 47 (iv) C
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7 WORD CLASSES, DERIVATION AND DERI
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Word classes, derivation and deriva
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-(A)cAn Forms adjectives: sevecen
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-(y)An Forms nouns: sıçan ‘rat
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are derived from nouns do not have
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‘restaurant owner’, Almancacı
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- lIK Word classes, derivation and
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-(y)A An Arabic suffix which indica
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8 INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES Inflectiona
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marker, e.g. ev-ler-in-e ‘to his/
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‘at/on/in the ones in the house
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ER SUFFIX MARKER MARKER MARK ‘bec
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Stems containing the reciprocal suf
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- (y)A 8.2.3.1 Position 1 The possi
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Inflectional suffixes 77 erase [it]
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8.3.1 THE COPULA ‘be’ The copul
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3rd person plural gid-iyor-lar-dır
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(ii) The copular markers -(y)DI and
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Inflectional suffixes 85 ‘It is c
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8.5.1.2 -mA and -mAK Both -mA and -
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-mAzdAn (önce/ evvel) (-mA combine
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çıplak ‘naked’ çı+r+ıl+ç
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Forms doubled with the aid of mI ca
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(iii) Compounds in which the first
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1912 yıl-ı ‘the year 1912’ cu
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modifies kız yüksek meslek okul-u
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11.1.1.2 dA The first consonant of
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Semra [ki partileri sevmez], o bile
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ilginç mi ilginç ‘very interest
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PART 3 SYNTAX: THE STRUCTURE OF SEN
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(5) Bu gün evde kal-a-ma-m. stay-P
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(v) 1st or 2nd person marking if re
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12.1.1.3 The complementarity of -(y
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Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 11
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12.2.2.3 Pronominalized determiners
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Note, however, that sentences where
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an adverbial clause), a relative cl
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13 THE VERB PHRASE A verb phrase co
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anla- ‘understand’, kork- ‘fe
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(to/into)’. The oblique objects o
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13.2.1.2 Causatives of verbs of emo
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(57) Aferin! Çabucak giy-in-di-n.
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14 THE NOUN PHRASE A noun phrase is
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(vi) The addition of -lAr can also
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(42) Arkadaş-lar-ınız ne kadar k
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Where a plural suffix is present th
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‘We’re glad Ayşe’s going to
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(a) Certain bare postpositions, e.g
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The partitive uses of the genitive-
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15 ADJECTIVAL CONSTRUCTIONS, DETERM
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15.2.1 FORMING ADJECTIVES BY MEANS
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(20) beş metrelik bir kablo ‘a f
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15.4.1 GENERAL MODIFICATION 15.4.1.
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15.4.3 SUPERLATIVES The superlative
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azı/kimi/bir kısım ‘some’,
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When the numerals from yüz ‘(one
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(73) sekiz bardak su ‘eight glass
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16.1.8 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Postp
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16.3 MODAL ADVERBIALS Modal adverbi
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fixed items, such as şimdi ‘now
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Time location on an exact date is e
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…önce/ evvel ‘(amount of time)
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önce ‘before’ and sonra ‘aft
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Recurrent time locations To express
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The attachment of the above case ma
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(iii) A finite adverbial clause mar
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17 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES Turkish h
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Combinations of gibi with the demon
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(28) Bu oda tam sana göre. ‘This
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(iii) bu yana ‘since’: This ite
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18 PRONOUNS Pronouns are expression
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The antecedent can also be a consti
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When kendi kendi- is in the dative
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(71) Kitabı Zerrin’e verdim. O n
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Additionally, they can be modified
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(vi) Complex adjectivals formed by
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It can also attach to the modifier
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(37) Kitabı AhmeT’E mi verdin?
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kim can have plural marking when th
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‘Where is Patagonia?’ Turkish:
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(ii) The degree to which a particul
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‘Who was there at the party?’ T
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(106) Nereye gidiyorsun? (i) ‘Whe
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(58) (Hiç) kimseyi içeri almıyor
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(72) [Hiçbir şeyin denize atılma
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(iii) The aorist form of the verb o
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Habitual: (28) Sen Ömer-i ben-den
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(a) Anla-dı-n mı? (Entry into sta
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(51) Turkish: A comprehensive gramm
Page 640:
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(v) Assumptive use of olması gerek
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In future contexts the question of
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one of these suffixes is combined w
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(ii) -mA-POSS lazım gel- (iii) -mA
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show it to me?’ (133a) could be f
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‘You’re not going to go there a
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(a) Akşama kadar dönerim. (Promis
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‘Ayşe may have shown this photog
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22 DEFINITENESS, SPECIFICITY AND GE
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who-PL-ACC ‘Who do you see (nowad
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(c) Korkut’a yeni gömlek aldın
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(29) İsterse Ahmet {bir arkadaşı
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‘Last winter our house was burgle
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The plural generic could be substit
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(74) (a) Arka sıra-lar-da öğrenc
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(v) Modal adverbials occur either a
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the question particle mI, adverbial
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strategy of backgrounding is restri
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The use of de- ‘say’ followed b
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In contrast to sentences containing
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A process that facilitates or obstr
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25 RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clause
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(a) Where this possessor is part of
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(34) [içine [Handan’ın bahçesi
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PERFECTIVE/PAST: -mIş FUTURE: -(y)
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These ki clauses often do not corre
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26.1.2.2 Purpose As in the correspo
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(57) [Herkes Nazlı’nın son resi
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sleep-LOC go.around-CV as.if ‘For
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(106) [Yeni sistemin yürürlüğe
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For some speakers, the form -(y)AcA
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28 CONJUNCTIONS, CO-ORDINATION AND
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ister…ister can occur with olsun
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postman. There was a packet that ha
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‘sit down (slowly) and get up slo
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APPENDIX 1 REDUPLICATED STEMS List
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sıkı sımsıkı Appendix 1 464 si
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‘Apparently it rained/It seems to
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(zero), -(y)In(Iz), -sIn(lAr) (Impe
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GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS ablat
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Glossary of grammatical terms 472 c
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Glossary of grammatical terms 474 i
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Glossary of grammatical terms 476 p
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Glossary of grammatical terms 478 s
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmet Cevat [Emre] (19
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Bibliography 482 Kelepir, M. (2001)
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INDEX This index is arranged accord
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-(A)r (d.n.) 57 Arabic xxv-vii, xxx
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Index 488 Cause, see Reason adverbi
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Index 490 as complement 121, 142-3,
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Index 492 en (superlative marker) 9
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herkes 285, 372 her ne kadar 505 he
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J juxtaposition 509-10 K -k (1pl.)
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Index 498 -mAdAn (önce) 483-4 made
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Index 500 niçin 28, 303 nitekim 52
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olsun…olsun 518-19 olur 336-7, 34
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non-specific direct object in 378 n
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of adverbial clause 174, 468-70 ani
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ounding harmony 22 Vowel length 12
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-yIm (1sg. optative) 89-90 -(y)In (
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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