Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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THE GENERALIZING MODALITY MARKER -DIr (8.3.3) (i) Generalizing modality (21.4.1.1–2): (39) Demir ağır-dır. ‘Iron is heavy.’ (40) İnsanlar tembel-dir. ‘People are lazy.’ Appendix 2 469 (ii) Non-fact modality (assumption) (21.4.1.4): (41) Yorgun-sun-dur. ‘You must be tired.’ (42) Toplantı artık bit-miş-tir. The meeting will have finished by now.’
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Ro
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TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR As
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Intro
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present book w
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BREAK WITH THE OTTOMAN PAST The Tur
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language’ (yeni lisan) were defin
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Despite its title (which was intend
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described in Chapters 24-6 (which f
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ABBREVIATIONS ABL ablative case ACC
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V.DER verb deriving suffix VN verba
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~ indicates syllable boundaries ‘
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S, s s as in ‘hiss’ Ş, ş sh a
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PART 1 PHONOLOGY: THE SOUND SYSTEM
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Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 4
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[g] is a voiced velar plosive which
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For the pronunciation of ‘ğ’ i
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1.1.2.1 Vowels and their allophones
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See 1.1.1.1 for the effect of ‘ğ
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2 SOUND CHANGE PRODUCED IN THE STEM
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atla- ‘jump’ atlayan (jump-PART
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vowel and a back vowel can only be
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3.4 EXCEPTIONS TO VOWEL HARMONY (i)
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4 WORD STRESS The term stress refer
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mısír ‘maize’ Mísır ‘Egyp
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(ii) When a stressable suffix is ad
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(c) The 3rd person plural suffix -l
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Stress and the negative suffix The
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(2) Dün çocuk-LAR okul-a git-Tİ
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PART 2 MORPHOLOGY: THE STRUCTURE OF
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-(I)lI A compound of -I (above) and
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- (I)ştır (-(I)ş+-DIr (reciproca
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(i) creates adjectives (a) from nou
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sabahları ‘in the morning(s)’,
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- mAn (iii) adjectival phrases from
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The forms of the possessive suffix
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- ki(n) Turkish: A comprehensive gr
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Voice suffixes, the negative marker
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-(y)Akal -(y)AcAK (future) -(y)Adur
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- (A/I)r/z The aorist suffix is pho
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ekle- ‘wait’ → bekliyor ‘s/
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- (y)mIş ‘s/he had arrived’. (
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(a) When suffixed to a locative-mar
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-DIktAn (sonra/başka): aldıktan s
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-mAksIzIn (formal): dönmeksizin
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9 REDUPLICATION Reduplication is th
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(4) Ben adam tarih hocasıymış ma
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10 NOUN COMPOUNDS In this chapter w
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masa örtü-sü ‘tablecloth’ ç
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11 CLITICS Clitics are particles th
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Zehra’yıysa ‘as for Zehra (ACC
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(Acaba) geçmiş miyimdir? ‘I won
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(2) Kağıtları da okuMUŞ mu? ‘
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12 SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SENTENCES Fro
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(9) Ben o sırada öğretmen-di-m.
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The adverbials, if there are any, a
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(35) Bugün iş-te ol-abil-ir-di-m.
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The only exception is the imperativ
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Simple and complex sentences 119 co
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‘Some of them weren’t at home.
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Simple and complex sentences 123 Co
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Exclamations often contain a wh-phr
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13.1.1 THE VERB The internal struct
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The verb phrase 129 ‘Some people
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The verb phrase 131 For a full disc
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‘They killed the man by stabbing
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either by using the postposition ta
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The verb phrase 137 Some irregular
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The verb phrase 139 In these constr
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The verb phrase 141 (i) Bound auxil
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The verb phrase 143 an unintended r
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(7) büyük bir oda ‘a large room
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14.2.1 USES OF THE INDEFINITE ARTIC
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‘Are you going anywhere this summ
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The noun phrase 151 (36) Dünya’d
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(iii) The 2nd/3rd person ambiguity
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(51) [Ahmet gelince] ona sorabiliri
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(c) If the direct object refers to
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(iv) The locational constituent of
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The noun phrase 161 14.3.3.6 The ge
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(113) {Çocukların öğretmen-ler-
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14.5.1 THE BARE-HEADED PARTITIVE CO
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(vi) hangi-si (or hangiler-i if a p
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If a noun phrase contains one of th
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Adjectival constructions, determine
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‘an Opel car’ Adjectival constr
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(58) Su dolu kova-lar water full bu
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(iii) Interrogatives: Adjectival co
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The combination her+numeral, with o
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16 ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS Adverbs
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Berna husband-3SG.POSS-ABL separate
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(26) Biz-im koğuş-ta bazı-sı a
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discussion of assumptions (modalize
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For time locations less than thirty
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ayın birinde ‘on the first (day)
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sonra (day/week/month/year)’ ‘t
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Adverbial constructions 203 ‘a(n)
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genellikle ‘usually’, ‘genera
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‘Yılmaz is still working in the
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16.4.3 MANNER ADVERBIALS The follow
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daha ‘more’ en ‘most’ pek
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16.8 PARTICULARIZING ADVERBIALS Thi
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17.2.1 POSTPOSITIONS TAKING NON-CAS
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For the use of -(y)lA/ile as a comp
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‘Is there anything other than thi
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Postpositional phrases 221 17.3 POS
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‘All schools were brought under t
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Postpositional phrases 225 As the e
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(89) Türkiye’deki depremler konu
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garden-GEN rain-ABL before-ADJ stat
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(4) Efendim, biz sizin kadar bileme
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Pronouns 233 3rd person in the same
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(27) (a) [(ben-im) kendi-m-in bile
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Pronouns 237 (39) Ahmet hala uyuyor
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Pronouns 239 When the antecedent of
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Like personal pronouns expressing s
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‘I’ve heard [that Zeki has had
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Pronouns 245 (95) Adamın şapkası
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Pronouns 247 (107) Kızkardeşin se
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Pronouns 249 they usually contain t
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19 QUESTIONS Questions in Turkish a
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Questions 253 (ii) öyle mi, which
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(18) Tosca-yı VERdi mi yazmıştı
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(ii) Using mI immediately before th
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ne kadar ‘how much’ nasıl ‘h
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neli, nesiz ne can combine with the
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For the agreement of a predicate wi
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‘When shall I wait till?’ 19.2.
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(101) Çocuk-lar ev-de değil-se s
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Questions 269 (112) Semra’ya ald
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20 NEGATION This chapter discusses
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Negation 273 occupied make-NEG-PF b
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A verb inflected with the perfectiv
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Negation 277 Sentences containing n
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ever board-NEG-PF-2SG ‘Haven’t
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Negation 281 (65) Karısından asla
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21 TENSE, ASPECT AND MODALITY Tense
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Tense, aspect and modality 285 21.2
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21.2.3 FUTURE TENSE (i) Among the v
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(a) Saat ikide çalış-ıyor-du-m.
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(35b) and the counterfactual meanin
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(44) Geçen hafta-ki toplantı çok
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(ii) an assumption or hypothesis: -
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Tense, aspect and modality 297 (67)
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Assumptions expressed with the aori
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say-NEG-PSB-VN ‘to be able not to
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Tense, aspect and modality 303 (103
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‘[As I may not be able to persuad
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(i) In the great majority of cases
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e.necessary-VN-3SG.POSS-ACC (b) Ada
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‘I am supposedly obstinate.’ Te
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Tense, aspect and modality 313 (150
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‘I wonder who I should consult ab
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for each finite form of ol-, which
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The resultative function of -mIş c
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Tense, aspect and modality 321 (ii)
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Definiteness, specificity and gener
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As indefinite noun phrases always e
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‘Sometimes we would spread on the
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(67) Kedi köpeği kovar. ‘A cat
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(76a) is capable of either a generi
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23 WORD ORDER In Turkish word order
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23.1.2 NOMINAL SENTENCES 23.1.2.1 L
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Word order 341 (23) Dün sokakta bi
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(41) [Mehmet borcunu ödemediği i
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Fatma flower-PL-ACC today water-FUT
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Word order 347 23.3.3 THE TOPIC POS
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Word order 349 Ahmet’e gelince, o
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24 NOUN CLAUSES Noun clauses are cl
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Noun clauses 353 (6) O gün Suzan
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Noun clauses 355 ‘We had agreed [
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Noun clauses 357 This construction
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24.4.1.1 The non-case-marked form -
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(55) Ahmet [araba kullanmasın]ı s
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Noun clauses 363 by a possessive su
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(76) Bizim ricamız [toplantının
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‘I don’t think there’s any po
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Noun clauses 369 (iv) With genitive
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verb-like to retain its oblique obj
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(114) (a) [Buraya araba çarptığ
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(127) (a) [Ali’nin bu kitabı oku
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Person marking The occurrence of pe
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Noun clauses 379 Otherwise, the for
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Relative clauses 381 that of subjec
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Relative clauses 383 köylülerin k
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An adverbial: (28) [usta-nın kapı
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Some -(y)AcAK participles have been
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Hayriye Hanım ‘Hayriye Hanım, w
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Relative clauses 391 In informal re
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The combination of the tense suffix
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Relative clauses 395 Note that olan
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Relative clauses 397 (92) Sınıfla
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26 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Adverbial clau
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Adverbial clauses 401 26.1.1.4 Unde
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Adverbial clauses 403 26.1.4 CLAUSE
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Adverbial clauses 405 26.2.1 GENITI
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Adverbial clauses 407 tense and asp
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Adverbial clauses 409 Where the sub
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26.3.7 INFORMATION BASE FOR AN UTTE
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Adverbial clauses 413 The form -mAk
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Adverbial clauses 415 26.3.14 REASO
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stay-IMPF ‘She’s been staying w
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27 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES From the f
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Conditional sentences 421 27.1.2 TH
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Conditional sentences 423 When an o
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‘[If Remziye is going to meet up
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Conditional sentences 427 (41) [Vak
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(51) (a) [Kongre öğle zamanı bit
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Past tense: (59) [Para-sı yok-muş
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Conditional sentences 433 ‘By now
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Conditional sentences 435 ‘[Whene
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Conditional sentences 437 27.6.2 -D
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Conjunctions, co-ordination and dis
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Conjunctions, co-ordination and dis
Page 934: Conjunctions, co-ordination and dis
Page 942: (56) Ahmet aslında çok iyi bir mi
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Page 978: APPENDIX 2: TENSE/ASPECT/ MODALITY
Page 982: (15) Herkes saat ikide burada ol-ac
Page 988: GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS ablat
Page 992: Glossary of grammatical terms 472 c
Page 996: Glossary of grammatical terms 474 i
Page 1000: Glossary of grammatical terms 476 p
Page 1004: Glossary of grammatical terms 478 s
Page 1008: BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmet Cevat [Emre] (19
Page 1012: Bibliography 482 Kelepir, M. (2001)
Page 1016: INDEX This index is arranged accord
Page 1020: -(A)r (d.n.) 57 Arabic xxv-vii, xxx
Page 1024: Index 488 Cause, see Reason adverbi
Page 1028: Index 490 as complement 121, 142-3,
Page 1032: Index 492 en (superlative marker) 9
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herkes 285, 372 her ne kadar 505 he
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J juxtaposition 509-10 K -k (1pl.)
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Index 498 -mAdAn (önce) 483-4 made
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Index 500 niçin 28, 303 nitekim 52
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olsun…olsun 518-19 olur 336-7, 34
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non-specific direct object in 378 n
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of adverbial clause 174, 468-70 ani
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ounding harmony 22 Vowel length 12
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-yIm (1sg. optative) 89-90 -(y)In (
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

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