Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 440
The verb containing -(y)Ip can itself be negative-marked only where the superordinate
verb is not:
(12) Bu havada evde otur-ma-yıp yürüyüşe çık-malı-yız.
stay-NEG-CONJ go.out-OBLG-1PL
‘In this weather we must not stay indoors but go out for a walk.’
Where a verb containing -(y)Ip is followed by dA and is stressed, the clause in which it
occurs is exactly equivalent to a finite subordinate clause marked by dA (26.1.7), i.e. it
emphasizes the fact that the action it expresses precedes/preceded that articulated by the
main clause:
(13) [Yemek yiYIP de] geldim. (cf. (23) in Chapter 26)
‘I came [having [already] eaten].’
Although it is rather unusual, some speakers use -(y)Ip when conjoining clauses with
different subjects, especially when they both have 3rd person subjects:
(14) Tam o saat-te Semra iş-i bırak-ıp Ahmet işbaşı yap-ıyor.
exactly that time-LOC Semra work-ACC leave-CONJ Ahmet clocking.on do-
IMPF
‘At exactly that time Semra leaves work and Ahmet goes on duty.’
28.3 CONJUNCTIONS AND DISCOURSE CONNECTIVES
Conjunctions are expressions such as ve ‘and’, fakat ‘but’, and ya da ‘or’, which join
two or more items that have the same syntactic function. These can be phrases,
subordinate clauses or sentences. The conjoining function of discourse connectives, on
the other hand, is minimally to join two sentences. Discourse connectives such as aksine
‘on the contrary’, üstelik ‘moreover’ and sonuç olarak ‘as a result’ can be used for
purposes of forming a cohesive link between concepts expressed by entire groups of
sentences. Another difference between the two classes is that while a conjunction always
joins two (or more) linguistic items, this is not always the case with discourse
connectives, which can sometimes be used on their own if the context presents a situation
(e.g. a recent experience shared by speaker and hearer) to which a cohesive link can be
made.
The various semantic functions of Turkish conjunctions and discourse connectives are
explained below. Some expressions (e.g. yoksa ‘or’, ‘otherwise’) can function both as
conjunctions and as discourse connectives, and some fulfil more than one role even as
discourse connectives. For example, dA has additive, enumerative and adversative
functions, all of which are discussed under different subsections below. Quite a number
of discourse connectives are adverbial in form, for example those such as bununla birlikte
‘in spite of this’, onun için ‘for that reason’, which consist of a postpositional phrase with
a demonstrative pronoun as its complement.