Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar

Turkish: A comprehensive grammar 190
Not all adjectives can be used adverbially, even if their meaning is appropriate to the
description of actions. With the exception of formations with -lI and -sIz (7.2.2.2), most
derived adjectives (15.2.1) can modify verbs only indirectly, either by modifying a
locative-marked noun phrase such as bir biçimde/bir şekilde ‘in a…manner’, or by
standing as complement to olarak (16.1.9):
(4) Erkeksi bir biçimde konuşur.
‘S/he talks in a masculine way.’
(5) Bu sorunu bilimsel olarak araştırmalıyız.
‘We must investigate this problem scientifically.’
The same restriction applies to adjectives of foreign origin:
(6) Başkan demokratik bir şekilde seçilmemişti.
‘The chairman had not been democratically elected.’
16.1.3 DOUBLED FORMS
Certain adverbials are formed by the reduplicated use of a noun, adjective or adverb (see
9.3). This is not a fully productive process, and the usage and/or meaning of such forms
may be more restricted than the simple form. Thus kolay kolay ‘easily’ is used only in
negative sentences, and yavaş yavaş always means ‘slowly’ or ‘gradually’, whereas the
adjective yavaş can mean ‘quiet’ or ‘gentle’ in addition to ‘slow’.
(7) Kimse buradan kolay kolay kaçamaz.
‘No one could easily escape from here.’
The temporal adverbials sabah sabah and akşam akşam, meaning approximately ‘so early
in the morning’ and ‘so late at night’ respectively, are used with the implication that the
performance of the action at the time in question is socially unacceptable.
(8) Sabah sabah ne diye bu kadar gürültü yapıyorsunuz?
‘Why are you making such a noise at this unearthly hour?’
16.1.4 NOUN PHRASES WITHOUT CASE MARKING
Non-case-marked noun phrases are used for certain types of time location (16.4.1.1),
duration of time (16.4.1.2) and expressions of distance:
(9) Beş kilometre yürümüşüz.
‘We seem to have walked five kilometres.’
16.1.5 NOUN PHRASES WITH OBLIQUE CASE MARKING
Noun phrases with dative, locative or ablative marking occur in a wide range of adverbial
functions, discussed in 13.1.3, 14.3.3.3–5.
(10) Berna koca-sın-dan ayrıl-mış-tı.