The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

I08 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
of cloth. ^ Trade was also protected by special constitutions
against usury on the exchange market, and against fraudulent
banking. 2 A special constitution was directed against the
robbery of shipwrecked mariners.^ The death penalty,
already in existence for the crime of chpping the gold coinage,
was extended in 1570 to the silver coinage as well.'*
Just as in Rome itself efforts were made to improve the
unhealthy districts, and steps were taken to prevent the
pollution of the Tiber, which was generally used for drinking
purposes,^ so Pius V. also directed his attention to the draining
of the marshes in the Campagna^ and in other parts of the
Papal States, as for example, in the neighbourhood of Ravenna
and Foligno.'^
^ See Bull. Rom., VII., 612 seq. ; cf. the *Avvisi di Roma of
September 27, 1567, Urb. 1040, p. 442, Vatican Library, and
July 3, 1568, State Archives, Vienna. In the first of these *Avvisi
the subsidy for the weaving of cloth from the Pope is given as
10,000 scudi (the 100,000 in Catena, 128 seq. is an exaggeration).
2 Bull. Rom., VII., 862 seq. ; cf. de Cupis, 158.
^ See Laderchi, 1566, n. 142 seq.
* See Bull. Rom., VII., 861 seq.
^ See Catena, 50 ; Lanciani, II., 26 ; IV., 13 seq., 24 seq., 28.
In his *letter of April 27, 1566, Cusano (State Archives, Vienna)
speaks of the order that the Cardinals must pave the street before
their palaces. Cf. in App. n. 50 the *report of B. Pia to Luzzara
of July 10, 1568. Gonzaga Archives, Mantua. An *Avviso di
Roma of August 21, 1568, also states that a monthly tax of " 3
giulii " was imposed for the keeping clean of the streets on every
possessor of a carriage (Urb. 1040. p. 567b, Vatican Library).
In the inundation of the Tiber in January, 1567, when part of the
passage between the Vatican and the Castle of St. Angelo fell in,
Pius V. gave all the assistance that he could. See the *report
of Strozzi of January 4, 1567, State Archives Vienna. See also
Bacci, Del Tevere, Rome, 1576, 369 seq.
' See the motu proprio " Dei nostri almae urbis." Cf. de
Cupis, 149 and Lanciani, IV., 14.
' See the *brief to " Franc, episc. Imolae, Romand. gubern."
of March 21, 1566 (Ravenna) and the *other, to " loh. Bapt.
Garganus, civis Rom., commits, noster," of November 2, 1567
(Foligno), Archives of Briefs, Rome.