The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

50
HISTORY OF THE POPES,
titular church S. Maria sopra Minerva, which later on, in
1561, he exchanged for S. Sabina.
During the campaign of Paul IV. against heretical books,
Cardinal Alessandrino, as Ghislieri was called from his native
place, had repeatedly dissuaded his subordinates from too
severe or hasty action. Towards the end of the reign of Paul
IV. he had to face bitter reproofs from the Pope, who was
daily becoming more gloomy and violent, on account of
his conduct in the affair of the Spanish archbishop,
Carranza.^
Ghislieri's position became even more difficult under
Pius IV., whose more worldly outlook was in strong contrast
to his own rigid views. ^ Several times the Cardinal, who
since 1560 had been Protector of the Barnabites," and Bishop
of Mondovi, where he laboured alike for reform,^ the promotion
of learning, 5 and ecclesiastical liberty,^ boldly addressed
severe rebukes to Pius IV., especially when, at the beginning
of 1563, tv/o sons of princes were about to be nominated to
the Sacred College. Ghislieri was not able to prevent these
^ See Vol. XIV. of this work, p. 315 seqq.
^ See the characteristic letter of Ghislieri to his nephew in
Maffei, Pic v., 47 seq. ; Bruzzone, Bosco, I., 139 seq. That
Ghislieri's nickname " fra Scarpone " (Santori, Autobiogr., 371)
does not mean ''
scorpion " as Herre (p. 204) thought, has been
proved by Susta (Miiteil. des osterr. Instituts, XXX., 546) and
ScHELLHAss {Zeitschrift fur Kirchengesch. XXX., 143 n. 2).
^ See Premoli, Storia dei Barnabiti nel cinquecento, Rome,
1913, 181. Cf. ibid., 24, for the early relations of Ghislieri with
the Barnabites.
* See Catena, 15.
* By the erection of a university ; see Dell'Acqua, 38 seq.,
where there are also some particulars as to the traces of Pius V.
preserved in the cathedral at Mondovi. Cf. Grassi, Mem. della
chiesa di Monteregale in Piemonte, I., Tuiin, 1789, 87. The
Library at Alessandria still contains a beautiful choir-book of
Pius V.
* Cf. the characteristic letter of Ghislieri to Emanuele FiUberto,
Duke of Savoy, dated Mondovi, October i, 1561, in Bollett. Subalp.
VI.. 255 seq.