The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

l68 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
tion of the Papal States.^ Giovanni Aldobrandini had made
a great name for himself as Bishop of Imola, and later as
Grand Penitentiary ; Marcantonio Maffei, Archbishop of
Chieti, had done the same as head of the Dataria, and Carlo de
Grassis, Bishop of Montefiascone and Corneto, as Governor of
Rome.2 The Roman, Pietro Donato Cesi, Bishop of Narni.
of whose diplomatic skiU the Pope made use later on, had
been Prefect of Ravenna, and vice-legate of Bologna. His
love for the poor was justly celebrated, and in a time of famine
he looked after them Hke a father ; he also constructed an
aqueduct, so as to obtain fresh water from the mountains.
Later on Ravenna asked him to come and act as arbitrator
in order to settle its disputes by his skill and sense of justice.
All those mentioned were made Cardinal Priests. Giulio
Aquaviva, who was only twenty-four years of age, a scion of a
princely house, and a man of great piety, was made Cardinal
Deacon.* Of Giulio 's six brothers, three entered the eccles-
iastical state ; Ottavio also became a Cardinal, Orazio a
Cistercian and a bishop, while Ridolfo entered the Society of
Jesus, and died a martyr in India.
The creation of Cardinals of 1570 was naturally viewed in
many different lights in Rome.^ The Spanish ambassador,
Zuniga, whose advice upon the question had been so often
rejected by Pius V., was of opinion that the nomination had
undoubtedly been made " somewhat hastily " and that persons
of greater eminence and deeper learning should have been
appointed,^ but such remarks only show how much public
opinion had lost sight of the qualities required in a prince of
^ See Cardella, V., 151 seq.
^ Ibid. 122 seq., 133 seq.
^ Ibid. 131 seq.
* Ibid. 150 seq.
5 *Awise di Roma of May 20, 1570, Urb. 1041, p. 281, Vatican
Library.
* " No ay deffecto notable en los italianos ,
pero deviera S.S.
escoger mas raros subyectos y mayores letrados, porque no se
puede negar sine que la promocion es algo desbaratada." To
Philip II., May 17, 1570, Corresp. dipl. III., 357 seq.