The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

200 HISTORY OF THE POPES.
In this way, under Pius V., active measures were taken to
lay new foundations in every direction, and to call into exist-
ence the groundwork for the uniform instruction of the people,
for the worthy celebration of divine worhsip, as well as for
the development of ecclesiastical jurisprudence and theology.
A further ordinance of the zealous reforming pontiff was of
importance for ecclesiastical science. When, in 1568, he
issued his Breviary, not only were the four Greek Fathers
declared Doctors of the Church, but a fifth was added in
Thomas Aquinas, who had been raised to this dignity by a
special bull of April nth, 1567. ^ This honour conferred on
the great theologian was also directly connected with the
Council of Trent. During the long controversies of the XlVth
and XVth centuries his teaching had stood all tests, and his
victory was complete at the close of the Middle Ages ;
at the
Council of Trent the difficult task of formulating the doctrine
of justification against the reformers had been solved by
following St. Thomas,^ while the sovereignty of the great
Dominican theologian had been unquestioned at the Council
(ibid). At the Council of Trent (Theiner, Acta, II., 654) the
desire had been expressed for the compilation of an entirely new
ecclesiastical codex, a thing asked for by the Vatican Council,
undertaken under Pius X., and completed under Benedict XV.
by Cardinal Gasparri.
^ Bull. Rom., VII., 564 seq. The complete edition of the works of
St. Thomas which Pius V. caused to be prepared (see supra p. 130)
was printed in an addition of only 1000 copies, so that the edition
was already almost exhausted at the time of its appearance.
Francis Borgia, October 28, 1569, in S. Franciscus Borgia,
v., 223.
^ Cone. Trid., sess. 6, c. 6 is taken from S. Tliom., S. th. 3, q. 85,
a. 5 ; sess. 6, c. 7 from i, 2, q. 112, a. 4 and 2, 2, q. 24, a. 3. Cf.
Mandonnet, Dictionn. de theol. cath., IV., 915. Pius V., in
the above mentioned bull of April 11, 1567, says that thanks
to the teaching of St. Thomas the errors which only made their
appearance after his death were refuted " quod et antea saepe
et liquido nuper in sacris Tridentini concilii decretis apparuit."
Bull. Rom., VII., 564.