The history of the popes, from the close of the middle ages : drawn ...

REFORM OF THE BREVIARY. 197
to the caprices of incompetent persons, who had introduced
so many unsuitable things, even into the Mass itself.^
The Hturgical reforms of Pius V. made rapid progress in
almost every diocese. Even many of those churches which
might have retained their ancient breviary, nevertheless, with
Pope's permission, drew largely upon the new breviary and
missal.- The reforms, however, were not carried into effect
everywhere without meeting with great difficulties. In Spain
they caused great excitement,^ because there the churches
used in the choir magnificently illuminated books of great
size, which could only be replaced by new ones at great cost.
The Spanish Hieronymites, who only fell short by six years
of the 200 required by the bull of Pius V., declared that the
change would cost them in Spain alone 200,000 ducats. The
monopoly which gave Paulus Manutius the sole right to print
the breviary, under pain of excommunication, gave rise to
much complaint ; one single press, it was said, could not cope
with the enormous demand, while the absence of competition
led to both inferior printing and increased prices."* Pius V.
very soon gave Spain leave to print the new breviary inde-
pendently of Paulus Manutius.^
1 C/. A. Franz, Die Messe im deutschen Mittelalter, Freiburg,
1902.
* Jos. ScHMiD in Theol. Quartalschr., 1885, 468 seqq. ; B.\umer,
457 seqq. Pius V. himself, however, allowed several exceptions to
the obligation to use his Breviary, as for example to the Canons
Regular of the Lateran (brief of December 18, 1570, Bull. Rom.,
VII., 875 seq.) and to the church of Toledo (brief of December 17,
1570, in MoLiTOR, 294 ; cf. 15 seq.).
^ " grandissimo moto " ; Castagna to Bonelli, October i, 1568,
Corresp. dipl., 11,. 468. Pacheco had obtained leave from the
Pope that only the second, corrected, edition of the breviary
should be sent to Spain. *Arco, September 4, 1568, State
Archives, Vienna.
* Cf. the memorial of Bandini to Clement VIII., published by
Mercati in Rassegna Gregoriana, V. (1906), 18 seqq.
* Bonelh to Castagna, November 3, 1569, Corresp. dipl., III.,
187 ; cf. II., 468 ; III., 102, 142. Complaints of Manutius' print-
ing monopoly in general were specially made in Germany, where