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BETTERNESS, SPECTRUM CASES AND THE CHALLENGE TO TRANSITIVITY IN AXIOLOGY 6. Summary: possible solutions 137 So, to conclude, this is the set of solutions that can be given to the problem of what is the best outcome among all the possible ones in spectrum cases such as the one we are assessing here: Primacy of our intuitions towards outcomes Primacy of our intuitions towards principles Considering our intuitions towards both outcomes and principles Rejecting the idea of global betterness in intransitive sets of preferences Rejecting any search for global betterness Considering our strongest immediate preference Considering our strongest pondered preference Considering principles with no critical levels Considering principles with critical levels Considering a lexically prior principle concerning quality of pain Considering a lexically prior principle concerning quantity of pain Considering our strongest immediate preference Considering our strongest pondered preference Considering principles with no critical levels Considering principles with critical levels Considering a lexically prior principle concerning quality of pain Considering a lexically prior principle concerning quantity of pain Considering principles with critical levels but rejecting any search for global betterness beyond that None Any option A n A j A 1 A p A n A 1 A n A j A 1 A p A n A 1 Any option between A p and A q Diacritica 25-2_Filosofia.indb 137 05-01-2012 09:38:26
138 7. Conclusions OSCAR HORTA Spectrum cases such as the one we have seen here challenge the idea that the “_ is better than _” relation is transitive. But they also raise puzzles that are equally challenging for defenders of the idea that such relation is intransitive, such as the question of what is the best option available within the spectrum. Th e diff erent responses we may give to this problem do not depend on whether we accept or reject transitivity. Rather, they depend on several other factors. Th ose who assume that betterness needs to be transitive need not agree regarding what is the best option in the spectrum case. It may be assumed at fi rst sight that the latter need to accept that A 1 is the best solution. But in order to accept this, there are other assumptions they need to hold. Th ey need to assume that the minimization of the duration of pain and the minimization of the intensity of pain are two principles that must be taken into account without any of them having lexical priority over the other one (or that quantity of pain has lexically priority). Moreover: they need to assume we have to stick to those principles even if we have intuitions towards particular outcomes that are at odds with that. But some of those who defend the transitivity of the “_ is better than _” relation may disagree with that. Th ey may have a diff erent view regarding what are the principles we may consider and what is the way in which we should consider them. Accordingly, they may defend other solutions to the problem of what is the best option in the spectrum. Something similar happens in the case of those who reject that the “_ is better than _” relation is transitive. We may think that those who defend this would be more likely to assume a particularist view. But this is not necessarily so. Th ey may not accept particularism. In fact, they may accept general principles and claim that we get to intransitive sets of outcomes with respect to betterness when those outcomes can be evaluated according to diff erent principles. Moreover, as we have seen, those who accept the particularist view have diff erent views regarding the problem at stake here. All this seems to undermine, if only to some extent, the strength of the challenge that spectrum cases pose to the idea that transitivity must apply in axiology. Diacritica 25-2_Filosofia.indb 138 05-01-2012 09:38:26
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25/2 revista do centro de estudos h
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Título: DIACRÍTICA (Nº 25/2 - 20
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CULTURA INGLESA E NORTE-AMERICANA 1
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Diacritica 25-2_Filosofia.indb 6 05
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10 ALEXANDRA ABRANCHES E ROBERTO ME
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14 Introduction BERIL SÖZMEN IDEME
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16 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN When a fema
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18 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN example, Th
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20 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN doubt wheth
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22 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN Th omson’
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24 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN If we are t
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26 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN respect, es
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28 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN choices tha
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30 BERIL SÖZMEN IDEMEN Good Samari
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34 1. Introdução CÁTIA FARIA No
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36 CÁTIA FARIA Deste modo, chegamo
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38 CÁTIA FARIA e os orangotangos e
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40 CÁTIA FARIA temporal, quando no
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42 CÁTIA FARIA mesmo. “Sem um se
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44 CÁTIA FARIA soas são seres esp
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46 CÁTIA FARIA David não é ele p
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48 7. Resumo e conclusões CÁTIA F
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50 CÁTIA FARIA Patterson, F. G. e
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52 CÉDRIC RIO Debates about Interg
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54 CÉDRIC RIO we are not sure to h
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56 CÉDRIC RIO ence: individuals ca
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58 CÉDRIC RIO morally wrong becaus
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60 CÉDRIC RIO preference for Liber
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64 1. The problem CLAUDIA REITINGER
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66 CLAUDIA REITINGER Depletion: As
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68 CLAUDIA REITINGER lates the pers
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70 CLAUDIA REITINGER responses for
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72 CLAUDIA REITINGER a very high le
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74 CLAUDIA REITINGER had chosen con
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76 CLAUDIA REITINGER properties, li
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80 HASSE HÄMÄLÄINEN que actualme
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82 HASSE HÄMÄLÄINEN appropriate
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84 HASSE HÄMÄLÄINEN son cannot b
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Page 89 and 90: 88 HASSE HÄMÄLÄINEN lence” and
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Page 97 and 98: 96 MARIA JOÃO CABRITA e o seu rele
Page 99 and 100: 98 MARIA JOÃO CABRITA a legal ethi
Page 101 and 102: 100 MARIA JOÃO CABRITA - the inter
Page 103 and 104: 102 MARIA JOÃO CABRITA justice, in
Page 105 and 106: 104 MARIA JOÃO CABRITA Rawls seeks
Page 107 and 108: 106 MARIA JOÃO CABRITA members of
Page 109 and 110: 108 MARIA JOÃO CABRITA Spiro, Davi
Page 111 and 112: 110 MARTHA PALACIO AVENDAÑO El obj
Page 113 and 114: 112 MARTHA PALACIO AVENDAÑO de reg
Page 115 and 116: 114 2. Cosmopolitismo y derechos hu
Page 117 and 118: 116 MARTHA PALACIO AVENDAÑO societ
Page 119 and 120: 118 MARTHA PALACIO AVENDAÑO lo que
Page 121 and 122: 120 MARTHA PALACIO AVENDAÑO poder
Page 123 and 124: 122 MARTHA PALACIO AVENDAÑO 126, 2
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Page 127 and 128: 126 1. Intransitive preferences OSC
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Page 131 and 132: 130 OSCAR HORTA principle obvious.
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Page 135 and 136: 134 OSCAR HORTA between 1 and i suc
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Page 143 and 144: 142 RUI SILVA inclinations […]; f
Page 145 and 146: 144 RUI SILVA ble diversity of situ
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Page 151 and 152: 150 RUI SILVA lives should be under
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Page 157 and 158: 156 RUI SILVA Taylor, Charles (1990
Page 161 and 162: 160 GEORGINA ABREU Th e print cultu
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Page 173 and 174: 172 GEORGINA ABREU From the point o
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Page 185 and 186: 184 GEORGINA ABREU Laqueur, T.W.,
Page 187 and 188: 186 JORGE PEREIRA A Revolução Ame
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188 JORGE PEREIRA concebidos para e
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190 JORGE PEREIRA proposta de aboli
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192 JORGE PEREIRA permitia a todos
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194 JORGE PEREIRA agora era o Indiv
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196 JORGE PEREIRA moral já que qua
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198 JORGE PEREIRA sistas têm defen
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200 JORGE PEREIRA Homem, daí estar
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Diacritica 25-2_Filosofia.indb 202
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204 Recepção musical como mimesis
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206 ÂNGELO MARTINGO agógicos dos
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208 Sumário e conclusão ÂNGELO M
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210 ÂNGELO MARTINGO Grewe, O., Kop
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212 ÂNGELO MARTINGO Tanenhaus, M.,
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214 1. Críticas e objeções aos d
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216 GIUSEPPE TOSI dade das relaçõ
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218 GIUSEPPE TOSI ocidentais atrav
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220 GIUSEPPE TOSI Francesa (Compara
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222 GIUSEPPE TOSI ciências naturai
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224 GIUSEPPE TOSI que a realidade
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226 GIUSEPPE TOSI -----, (2006). Te
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228 I. O argumento JOSÉ COLEN Buch
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230 JOSÉ COLEN tica numa situaçã
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232 JOSÉ COLEN mas as outras impli
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234 JOSÉ COLEN “que modifi cam o
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236 JOSÉ COLEN unidade orgânica p
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238 JOSÉ COLEN que a respectiva
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240 JOSÉ COLEN Um dos fenómenos p
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242 JOSÉ COLEN Hayek deixou claro
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244 JOSÉ COLEN rias nos domínios
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246 JOSÉ COLEN no mercado a motiva
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248 JOSÉ COLEN Mueller, Dennis C.
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250 1. Introdução VÍTOR MOURA O
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252 VÍTOR MOURA phrey Bogart para
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254 VÍTOR MOURA que o cinema vive
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256 2) 3) VÍTOR MOURA Redução da
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258 VÍTOR MOURA fílmica (a vulgar
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260 3. Câmara: a doutrina da trans
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262 VÍTOR MOURA máticas dos objec
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264 VÍTOR MOURA “A fotografi a
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266 VÍTOR MOURA representações d
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268 VÍTOR MOURA podemos explicar a
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270 VÍTOR MOURA Em resumo, poderí
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272 4.3. Teoria da mente e simulaç
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274 VÍTOR MOURA ninguém acredita
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280 VIRGÍNIA SOARES PEREIRA Gaio V
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284 VIRGÍNIA SOARES PEREIRA No pre
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288 Editor Adjunto: Virgínia Perei
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290 DIACRÍTICA 3. Os textos das en
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292 • • • • Imagens Alinham
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294 Citação indireta: (apud Chand
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The Braga meetings on ethics and po
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