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their fur. No antidote exists for any known algal toxin currently. This makes prevention the best
option for protecting human and animal health during a bloom (source: Kansas Department of
Health & Environment, http://www.kdheks.gov/algae-illness/index.htm).
Cold
Extreme cold can cause hypothermia (an extreme lowering of the body’s temperature), frostbite
and death. Infants and the elderly are particularly at risk, but anyone can be affected. While
there are no specific data sources recording hypothermia (cold) death rates, it is estimated that
25,000 older adults die from hypothermia each year. The National Institute on Aging estimates
that more than 2.5 million Americans are especially vulnerable to hypothermia, with the isolated
elderly being most at risk. About 10 percent of people over the age of 65 have some kind of
temperature-regulating defect, and 3-4 percent of all hospital patients over 65 are hypothermic.
Also at risk are those without shelters, who are stranded, or who live in a home that is poorly
insulated or without heat. Other impacts of extreme cold include asphyxiation (unconsciousness
or death from a lack of oxygen) from toxic fumes from emergency heaters; household fires,
which can be caused by fireplaces and emergency heaters; and frozen/burst water pipes.
Wind can greatly amplify the impact of cold ambient air temperatures. Provided by the National
Weather Service, Figure 3.19 below shows the relationship of wind speed to apparent
temperature and typical time periods for the onset of frostbite. The combination of these
elements affects the wind chill factor. The wind chill factor is the perceived temperature. As the
speed of wind increases, the skin temperature drops as the heat is carried away from the body.
As the perceived temperature increases, the risk of frostbite and hypothermia increases.
Figure 3.19. Wind Chill Chart
3.89